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@ARTICLE{Ma:866675,
      author       = {Ma, Xuefei and Tan, Zhaofeng and Lu, Keding and Yang,
                      Xinping and Liu, Yuhan and Li, Shule and Li, Xin and Chen,
                      Shiyi and Novelli, Anna and Cho, Changmin and Zeng, Limin
                      and Wahner, Andreas and Zhang, Yuanhang},
      title        = {{W}inter photochemistry in {B}eijing: {O}bservation and
                      model simulation of {OH} and {HO}2 radicals at an urban
                      site},
      journal      = {The science of the total environment},
      volume       = {685},
      issn         = {0048-9697},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05753},
      pages        = {85 - 95},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {A field campaign was conducted from November to December
                      2017 at the campus of Peking University (PKU) to investigate
                      the formation mechanism of the winter air pollution in
                      Beijing with the measurement of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl
                      radical (OH and HO2) with the support from comprehensive
                      observation of trace gases compounds. The extent of air
                      pollution depends on meteorological conditions. The daily
                      maximum OH radical concentrations are on average
                      2.0 × 106 cm−3 and 1.5 × 106 cm−3 during
                      the clean and polluted episodes, respectively. The daily
                      maximum HO2 radical concentrations are on average
                      0.4 × 108 cm−3 and 0.3 × 108 cm−3 during
                      the clean and polluted episodes, respectively (diurnal
                      averaged for one hour bin). A box model based on RACM2-LIM1
                      mechanism can reproduce the OH concentrations but
                      underestimate the HO2 concentrations by $50\%$ during the
                      clean episode. The OH and HO2 concentrations are
                      underestimated by $50\%$ and 12 folds during the polluted
                      episode, respectively. Strong dependence on nitric oxide
                      (NO) concentration is found for both observed and modeled
                      HO2 concentrations, with the modeled HO2 decreasing more
                      rapidly than observed HO2, leading to severe HO2
                      underestimation at higher NO concentrations. The OH
                      reactivity is calculated from measured and modeled species
                      and inorganic compounds (carbon monoxide (CO), NO, and
                      nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) make up $69\%–76\%$ of the
                      calculated OH reactivity. The photochemical oxidation rate
                      denoted by the OH loss rate increases by 3 times from the
                      clean to polluted episodes, indicating the strong oxidation
                      capacity in polluted conditions. The comparison between
                      measurements at PKU site and a suburban site from one
                      previous study shows that chemical conditions are similar in
                      both urban and suburban areas. Hence, the strong oxidation
                      capacity and its potential contribution to the pollution
                      bursts are relatively homogeneous over the whole Beijing
                      city and its surrounding areas.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:31174126},
      UT           = {WOS:000477951900009},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.329},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/866675},
}