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@ARTICLE{Klotzsche:866699,
      author       = {Klotzsche, Anja and Lärm, Lena and Vanderborght, Jan and
                      Cai, Gaochao and Morandage, Shehan and Zörner, Miriam and
                      Vereecken, Harry and van der Kruk, Jan},
      title        = {{M}onitoring {S}oil {W}ater {C}ontent {U}sing
                      {T}ime-{L}apse {H}orizontal {B}orehole {GPR} {D}ata at the
                      {F}ield-{P}lot {S}cale},
      journal      = {Vadose zone journal},
      volume       = {18},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1539-1663},
      address      = {Alexandria, Va.},
      publisher    = {GeoScienceWorld},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05774},
      pages        = {},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has shown a high potential
                      to derive soil water content (SWC) at different scales. In
                      this study, we combined multiple horizontal GPR measurements
                      at different depths to investigate the spatial and temporal
                      variability of the SWC under cropped plots. The SWC data
                      were analyzed for four growing seasons between 2014 and
                      2017, two soil types (gravelly and clayey–silty), two
                      crops (wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] and maize [Zea mays
                      L.]), and three different water treatments. We acquired more
                      than 150 time-lapse GPR datasets along 6-m-long horizontal
                      crossholes at six depths. The GPR SWC distributions are
                      distinct both horizontally and vertically for both soil
                      types. A clear change in SWC can be observed at both sites
                      between the surface layer (>0.3 m) and subsoil. Alternating
                      patches of higher and lower SWC, probably caused by the soil
                      heterogeneity, were observed along the horizontal SWC
                      profiles. To investigate the changes in SWC with time, GPR
                      and time-domain reflectometry (TDR) data were averaged for
                      each depth and compared with changes in precipitation,
                      treatment, and soil type. The high-temporal-resolution TDR
                      and the large-sampling-volume GPR show similar trends in SWC
                      for both sites, but because of the different sensing
                      volumes, different responses were obtained due to the
                      spatial heterogeneity. A difference in spatial variation of
                      the crosshole GPR SWC data was detected between maize and
                      wheat. The results for this 4-yr period indicate the
                      potential of this novel experimental setup to monitor
                      spatial and temporal SWC changes that can be used to study
                      soil–plant–atmosphere interactions.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000498826300001},
      doi          = {10.2136/vzj2019.05.0044},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/866699},
}