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@ARTICLE{Altdorff:866809,
      author       = {Altdorff, D. and Botschek, J. and Honds, M. and van der
                      Kruk, J. and Vereecken, H.},
      title        = {{I}n {S}itu {D}etection of {T}ree {R}oot {S}ystems under
                      {H}eterogeneous {A}nthropogenic {S}oil {C}onditions {U}sing
                      {G}round {P}enetrating {R}adar},
      journal      = {Journal of infrastructure systems},
      volume       = {25},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1943-555X},
      address      = {Reston, VA},
      publisher    = {ASCE},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05872},
      pages        = {05019008 -},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Tree roots can cause damage to surface and subsurface
                      infrastructure. Hence, timely detection of root system
                      architecture (RSA) is needed to reduce conflict between
                      trees and man-made facilities. Because excavation is
                      expensive and often restricted, noninvasive detection of RSA
                      by ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a promising technique.
                      Although several studies have proven the ability of GPR for
                      RSA detection, the problem of distinguishing roots from
                      unwanted reflections at urban test sites with heterogeneous,
                      silty, clayey, or stony soil has not yet been fully solved.
                      This study assessed the performance of GPR for in situ
                      detection of RSA from a plane tree (Platanus acerifolia) and
                      a buckeye (Aesculus hippocastanum) in urban heterogeneous
                      multilayered soil using shielded 250-MHz antennas. Repeated
                      manual hyperbola selections were performed, extracting the
                      three-dimensional (3D) coordinates, which were visualized in
                      top view to reveal connected structures. Unwanted selections
                      were manually filtered by internal confirmation using depth
                      slices from 3D radargram interpolations. Root indications
                      were retraced in the field and validated by vacuum
                      excavation. At our test site, the suggested approach was
                      suitable for detecting the lateral positions of roots with
                      diameters between 1 and 4 cm at depths of 17 to 70 cm,
                      despite unfavorable substrate. Moreover, the assumed depth
                      ranges were correct for both trees, and the main depth
                      characteristics were fairly precisely projected. The rapid
                      and cost-effective protocol allows minimal interventions and
                      opens the door for similar applications in urban and
                      nonurban land uses.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000475476000003},
      doi          = {10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000501},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/866809},
}