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@ARTICLE{Badeda:866892,
      author       = {Badeda, Julia and Kwiecien, Monika and Schulte, Dominik and
                      Sauer, Dirk},
      title        = {{B}attery {S}tate {E}stimation for {L}ead-{A}cid
                      {B}atteries under {F}loat {C}harge {C}onditions by
                      {I}mpedance: {B}enchmark of {C}ommon {D}etection {M}ethods},
      journal      = {Applied Sciences},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {2076-3417},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05952},
      pages        = {1308 -},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Impedance or admittance measurements are a common indicator
                      for the condition of lead-acid batteries in field
                      applications such as uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
                      systems. However, several commercially available measurement
                      units use different techniques to measure and interpret the
                      battery impedance. This paper describes common measurement
                      methods and compares their indication for the state of
                      health (SoH) to those of electrochemical impedance
                      spectroscopy (EIS). For this analysis, two strings
                      consisting each of 24 valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA)
                      batteries with a rated voltage of 12 V and about 7 Ah
                      capacity were kept under standard UPS conditions in float
                      charge for over 560 days. They were monitored continuously
                      with a LEM Sentinel 2 and went into regular check-ups with
                      impedance measurements by a Hioki BT3554 as well as
                      electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements
                      with an impedance meter (μEIS). Today it is widely expected
                      that solely the relative increase of the impedance reading
                      is sufficient for the estimation of the available capacity.
                      However, it can be shown that the measured relative increase
                      deviates for different frequencies and therefore the choice
                      of the excitation signal and measurement frequency does make
                      a difference for the calculation of the available capacity.
                      Finally, a method for a more decisive monitoring in field
                      applications is suggested},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000442864900098},
      doi          = {10.3390/app8081308},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/866892},
}