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@ARTICLE{Kwiecien:866893,
      author       = {Kwiecien, Monika and Huck, Moritz and Badeda, Julia and
                      Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{C}orrect processing of impedance spectra for lead-acid
                      batteries to parameterize the charge-transfer process},
      journal      = {Journal of applied electrochemistry},
      volume       = {48},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {1572-8838},
      address      = {Dordrecht [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05953},
      pages        = {885 - 900},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy is widely used to
                      analyze electro-chemical systems. Most attention is paid to
                      the double-layer capacitance and the charge-transfer
                      resistance as they describe the electro-chemical process on
                      the surface of the electrode. Both values can provide
                      specific information about aging mechanisms, which diminish
                      the surface area. This is of interest when capacity tests
                      are restricted to determine the aging. For lead-acid
                      batteries, for example, this is the case in applications
                      like micro-hybrid vehicles or uninterruptible power supply
                      systems. However, the interpretation of impedance spectra of
                      lead-acid batteries necessitates proper measurements,
                      elaborated verification of measurement validity, and a
                      sufficient model of electro-chemical processes. In this
                      work, impedance spectra, recorded on lead-acid test cells,
                      are processed to identify the ohmic resistance, the
                      double-layer capacitance, and the parameters of the
                      charge-transfer reaction of the negative electrode. This
                      electrode suffers from sulfation, a common aging mechanism
                      in current applications. The aim of the paper is to define a
                      correct processing of impedance spectra for lead-acid
                      batteries, and to depict challenges. Furthermore, possible
                      equivalent electrical circuit models for the negative
                      electrode are evaluated regarding their dependencies on
                      state of charge and current rate. Many of these aspects can
                      be transferred to other electro-chemical systems.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000438105500003},
      doi          = {10.1007/s10800-018-1217-z},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/866893},
}