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@ARTICLE{Kwiecien:866897,
      author       = {Kwiecien, Monika and Badeda, Julia and Huck, Moritz and
                      Komut, Kuebra and Duman, Dilek and Sauer, Dirk},
      title        = {{D}etermination of {S}o{H} of {L}ead-{A}cid {B}atteries by
                      {E}lectrochemical {I}mpedance {S}pectroscopy},
      journal      = {Applied Sciences},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {2076-3417},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05957},
      pages        = {873 -},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {The aging mechanisms of lead-acid batteries change the
                      electrochemical characteristics. For example, sulfation
                      influences the active surface area, and corrosion increases
                      the resistance. Therefore, it is expected that the state of
                      health (SoH) can be reflected through differentiable changes
                      in the impedance of a lead-acid battery. However, for
                      lead-acid batteries, no reliable SoH algorithm is available
                      based on single impedance values or the spectrum.
                      Additionally, the characteristic changes of the spectrum
                      during aging are unknown. In this work, lead-acid test cells
                      were aged under specific cycle regimes known as AK3.4, and
                      periodic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
                      measurements and capacity tests were conducted. It was
                      examined that single impedance values increased linearly
                      with capacity decay, but with varying slopes depending on
                      the pre-history of the cell and measurement frequency of
                      impedance. Thereby, possible reasons for ineffective SoH
                      estimation were found. The spectra were fitted to an
                      equivalent electrical circuit containing, besides other
                      elements, an ohmic and a charge-transfer resistance of the
                      negative electrode. The linear increase of the ohmic
                      resistance and the charge-transfer resistance were
                      characterized for the performed cyclic aging test. Results
                      from chemical analysis confirmed the expected aging process
                      and the correlation between capacity decay and impedance
                      change. Furthermore, the positive influence of charging on
                      the SoH could be detected via EIS. The results presented
                      here show that SoH estimation using EIS can be a viable
                      technique for lead-acid batteries},
      cin          = {IEK-12 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000436488000032},
      doi          = {10.3390/app8060873},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/866897},
}