% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Bischof:866962,
      author       = {Bischof, Oliver and Weber, Patrick and Bundke, Ulrich and
                      Petzold, Andreas and Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid},
      title        = {{C}haracterization of the {M}iniaturized {I}nverted {F}lame
                      {B}urner as a {C}ombustion {S}ource to {G}enerate a
                      {N}anoparticle {C}alibration {A}erosol},
      journal      = {Emission control science and technology},
      volume       = {6},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2199-3629},
      address      = {Berlin [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-06009},
      pages        = {37 - 46},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Soot generators are able to produce carbonaceous
                      nanoparticles purposefully and can therefore play a vital
                      role in the calibration of particle instruments with an
                      actual combustion aerosol. Condensation particle counters
                      (CPCs) have become the instrument of choice for legislative
                      measurements of the particle number (PN) concentration. The
                      Euro 5B standard introduced by the European Union in 2011
                      was the first regulation that introduced a PN limit for the
                      exhaust emission from light duty diesel vehicles. Since
                      then, several other PN regulations for soot-emitting
                      vehicles and combustion engines have been introduced or are
                      currently in draft stages, all with similar requirements for
                      the periodic calibration of the particle counter’s
                      measurement accuracy. It is for this reason that combustion
                      particles produced under laboratory conditions have become
                      an attractive choice of calibration aerosol. Nonetheless, it
                      is often difficult to generate a large amount of particles
                      in the small nanometer range from a laboratory combustion
                      source. In this study, we evaluated the performance of a
                      recently introduced soot generator and its suitability for
                      calibrating the counting efficiency and lower cut-off size
                      of CPCs in the nanometer size range. We first characterized
                      the soot generator’s warm up time to determine when it
                      reaches a stable output when using propane as its fuel. We
                      then investigated the influence of a dozen propane-to-air
                      flow settings on the resulting particle size distribution of
                      the combustion aerosol. Finally, we determined the resulting
                      nanoparticle concentrations for 13 size classes below 20 nm
                      in order to achieve a high size resolution at or near the
                      lower detection limit of common CPCs. We performed our
                      measurements under low-pressure conditions as our group
                      operates CPCs onboard commercial passenger aircraft that are
                      used as an atmospheric measurement platform. Another
                      consideration is that CPCs are also operated elsewhere at
                      much less than standard sea-level pressure. Examples include
                      high-altitude research stations as well as engine test rigs
                      used for vehicle exhaust emission testing or certification
                      operated at elevated locations, e.g., in the USA, Mexico,
                      and China. From these experiments, we concluded that when
                      operating this novel soot generator with 7.5 SLPM airflow
                      and 62.5 SCPM propane flow, it is possible to generate a
                      realistic combustion aerosol for tests and calibrations that
                      is still adequate even in the small nanometer size range.
                      The concentrations measured under these operating conditions
                      were just sufficient for detection with an aerosol
                      electrometer, which is the concentration reference typically
                      used in CPC calibrations.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000703946700004},
      doi          = {10.1007/s40825-019-00147-w},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/866962},
}