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@ARTICLE{Zhu:867276,
      author       = {Zhu, Guanzhou and Angell, Michael and Pan, Chun-Jern and
                      Lin, Meng-Chang and Chen, Hui and Huang, Chen-Jui and Lin,
                      Jinuan and Achazi, Andreas J. and Kaghazchi, Payam and
                      Hwang, Bing-Joe and Dai, Hongjie},
      title        = {{R}echargeable aluminum batteries: effects of cations in
                      ionic liquid electrolytes},
      journal      = {RSC Advances},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {20},
      issn         = {2046-2069},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {RSC Publishing},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-06034},
      pages        = {11322 - 11330},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are solvent-free
                      liquids comprised of densely packed cations and anions. The
                      low vapor pressure and low flammability make ILs interesting
                      for electrolytes in batteries. In this work, a new class of
                      ionic liquids were formed for rechargeable aluminum/graphite
                      battery electrolytes by mixing
                      1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium chloride (Py13Cl) with
                      various ratios of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) (AlCl3/Py13Cl
                      molar ratio = 1.4 to 1.7). Fundamental properties of the
                      ionic liquids, including density, viscosity, conductivity,
                      anion concentrations and electrolyte ion percent were
                      investigated and compared with the previously investigated
                      1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC-AlCl3) ionic
                      liquids. The results showed that the Py13Cl–AlCl3 ionic
                      liquid exhibited lower density, higher viscosity and lower
                      conductivity than its EMIC-AlCl3 counterpart. We devised a
                      Raman scattering spectroscopy method probing ILs over a Si
                      substrate, and by using the Si Raman scattering peak for
                      normalization, we quantified speciation including AlCl4−,
                      Al2Cl7−, and larger AlCl3 related species with the general
                      formula (AlCl3)n in different IL electrolytes. We found that
                      larger (AlCl3)n species existed only in the Py13Cl–AlCl3
                      system. We propose that the larger cationic size of Py13+
                      (142 Å3) versus EMI+ (118 Å3) dictated the differences in
                      the chemical and physical properties of the two ionic
                      liquids. Both ionic liquids were used as electrolytes for
                      aluminum–graphite batteries, with the performances of
                      batteries compared. The chloroaluminate anion-graphite
                      charging capacity and cycling stability of the two batteries
                      were similar. The Py13Cl–AlCl3 based battery showed a
                      slightly larger overpotential than EMIC-AlCl3, leading to
                      lower energy efficiency resulting from higher viscosity and
                      lower conductivity. The results here provide fundamental
                      insights into ionic liquid electrolyte design for optimal
                      battery performance.},
      cin          = {IEK-1},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000466756100035},
      doi          = {10.1039/C9RA00765B},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/867276},
}