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@ARTICLE{Heale:867585,
      author       = {Heale, C. J. and Snively, J. B. and Bhatt, A. N. and
                      Hoffmann, L. and Stephan, C. C. and Kendall, E. A.},
      title        = {{M}ultilayer {O}bservations and {M}odeling of
                      {T}hunderstorm-{G}enerated {G}ravity {W}aves {O}ver the
                      {M}idwestern {U}nited {S}tates},
      journal      = {Geophysical research letters},
      volume       = {46},
      number       = {23},
      issn         = {1944-8007},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-06206},
      pages        = {14164-14174},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {We present multilayer observations and numerical
                      simulations of gravity waves (GWs) generated by a series of
                      Mesoscale Convective Systems over the midwestern United
                      States. Strong semi‐concentric GWs were observed and
                      modeled, which couple from their tropospheric sources to the
                      thermosphere, displaying strong nonlinearity indicated by
                      instability, breaking, and formation of turbulent vortices.
                      GWs in the stratosphere display a large range of horizontal
                      scales from 34‐400 km, however, the smaller wavelength
                      waves break rapidly in the mesosphere and
                      lower‐thermosphere (MLT). Larger scale (≥150 km) waves
                      dominate in the thermosphere and display northwestward
                      propagation at 200‐300 km altitude, opposing the mean
                      winds. Despite strong molecular viscosity and thermal
                      conductivity in the thermosphere, steepened wave fronts,
                      which may indicate nonlinearity, is identified in 630 nm
                      airglow imagers. The agreement between model and data
                      suggest new opportunities for data‐constrained simulations
                      that span multi‐layer observables, including MLT‐region
                      airglow not captured for this event.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000500756200001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2019GL085934},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/867585},
}