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@ARTICLE{Sefidari:867778,
      author       = {Sefidari, H. and Ma, C. and Fredriksson, C. and Lindblom,
                      B. and Wiinikka, H. and Nordin, L. O. and Wu, G. and
                      Yazhenskikh, E. and Müller, Michael and Öhman, M.},
      title        = {{T}he effect of co-firing coal and woody biomass upon the
                      slagging/deposition tendency in iron-ore pelletizing
                      grate-kiln plants},
      journal      = {Fuel processing technology},
      volume       = {199},
      issn         = {0378-3820},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Science Direct},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-06388},
      pages        = {106254 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Woody biomass is being considered a potential co-firing
                      fuel to reduce coal consumption in iron-ore pelletizing
                      rotary kilns. An important consideration is the slagging
                      inside the kiln caused by ash deposition that can lead to
                      process disturbances or shutdowns. In terms of ash
                      chemistry, co-firing woody biomass implies the addition of
                      mainly Ca and K to the Si- and Al-dominated coal-ash
                      (characteristic of high-rank coals) and Fe from the iron-ore
                      that are both inherent to the process. An alkali-laden
                      gaseous atmosphere is also present due to the accumulation
                      of alkali via the recirculation of flue gas in the system.
                      The slagging propensity of blending woody biomass with coal
                      in the grate-kiln process was studied based on the viscosity
                      of the molten phases predicted by global thermochemical
                      equilibrium modeling. This was carried out for variations in
                      temperature, gaseous KOH atmosphere, and fuel blending
                      levels. Results were evaluated and compared using a
                      qualitative slagging indicator previously proposed by the
                      authors where an inverse relationship between deposition
                      tendency and the viscosity of the molten fraction of the ash
                      was established. The results were also compared with a set
                      of co-firing experiments performed in a pilot-scale
                      (0.4 MW) experimental combustion furnace. In general, the
                      co-firing of woody biomass would likely increase the
                      slagging tendency via the increased formation of
                      low-viscosity melts. The fluxing behavior of biomass-ash
                      potentially reduces the viscosity of the Fe-rich
                      aluminosilicate melt and intensifies deposition. However,
                      the results also revealed that there are certain conditions
                      where deposition tendency may decrease via the formation of
                      high-melting-point alkali-containing solid phases (e.g.,
                      leucite).},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000513295200001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106254},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/867778},
}