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@ARTICLE{Rathinam:868047,
      author       = {Rathinam, Karthik and Abraham, Shiju and Oren, Yoram and
                      Schwahn, Dietmar and Petry, Winfried and Kaufman, Yair and
                      Kasher, Roni},
      title        = {{S}urface-{I}nduced {S}ilica {S}caling during {B}rackish
                      {W}ater {D}esalination: {T}he {R}ole of {S}urface {C}harge
                      and {S}pecific {C}hemical {G}roups},
      journal      = {Environmental science $\&$ technology},
      volume       = {53},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1520-5851},
      address      = {Columbus, Ohio},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-06640},
      pages        = {5202 - 5211},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Silica scaling of membranes used in reverse osmosis
                      desalination processes is a severe problem, especially
                      during the desalination of brackish groundwater due to high
                      silica concentrations. This problem limits the water supply
                      in inland arid and semiarid regions. Here, we investigated
                      the influence of surface-exposed organic functional groups
                      on silica precipitation and scaling. A test solution
                      simulating the mineral content of brackish groundwater
                      desalination brine at $75\%$ recovery was used. The mass and
                      chemical composition of the precipitated silica was
                      monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance, X-ray
                      photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy,
                      showing that surfaces with positively charged groups induced
                      rapid silica precipitation, and the rate of silica
                      precipitation followed the order −NH2 ∼ −N+(CH3)3 >
                      −NH2/–COOH > −H2PO3 ∼ −OH > −COOH > −CH3.
                      Force vs distance AFM measurements showed that the adhesion
                      energy between a silica colloid glued to AFM cantilever and
                      the studied surfaces increased as the surface charge changed
                      from negative to positive. Thus, for the first time direct
                      measurements of molecular forces and specific chemical
                      groups that govern silica scaling during brackish water
                      desalination is reported here. The influence of the
                      different functional groups and the effect of the surface
                      charge on silica precipitation that were found here can be
                      used to design membranes that resist silica scaling in
                      membrane-based desalination processes.},
      cin          = {JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research (JCNS)
                      (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS3-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {30955329},
      UT           = {WOS:000467641800058},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.est.8b06154},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/868047},
}