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@ARTICLE{CostaSurs:873116,
      author       = {Costa-Surós, Montserrat and Sourdeval, Odran and
                      Acquistapace, Claudia and Baars, Holger and Carbajal Henken,
                      Cintia and Genz, Christa and Hesemann, Jonas and Jimenez,
                      Cristofer and König, Marcel and Kretzschmar, Jan and
                      Madenach, Nils and Meyer, Catrin I. and Schrödner, Roland
                      and Seifert, Patric and Senf, Fabian and Brueck, Matthias
                      and Cioni, Guido and Engels, Jan Frederik and Fieg, Kerstin
                      and Gorges, Ksenia and Heinze, Rieke and Siligam, Pavan
                      Kumar and Burkhardt, Ulrike and Crewell, Susanne and Hoose,
                      Corinna and Seifert, Axel and Tegen, Ina and Quaas,
                      Johannes},
      title        = {{D}etection and attribution of aerosol-cloud interactions
                      in large-domain large-eddy simulations with {ICON}},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics / Discussions},
      volume       = {},
      issn         = {1680-7367},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-00564},
      pages        = {29},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Clouds and aerosols
                      contribute the largest uncertainty to current estimates and
                      interpretations of the $Earth\&#8217;s$ changing energy
                      budget. Here we use a new-generation large-domain large-eddy
                      model, ICON-LEM, to simulate the response of clouds to
                      realistic anthropogenic perturbations in aerosols serving as
                      cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The novelty compared to
                      previous studies is that (i) the LEM is run in weather
                      prediction mode and with fully interactive land surface over
                      a large domain, and (ii) a large range of data from various
                      sources are used for the detection and attribution. The
                      aerosol perturbation was chosen as peak-aerosol conditions
                      over Europe in 1985, with more than five-fold more sulfate
                      than in 2013. Observational data from various satellite and
                      ground-based remote sensing instruments are used aiming at a
                      detection and attribution of this response. The simulation
                      was run for a selected day (2 May 2013) in which over the
                      selected domain of central Europe a large variety of cloud
                      regimes was present.</p><p> It first is demonstrated, using
                      satellite aerosol optical depth retrievals available for
                      both 1985 and 2013, that the aerosol fields for the
                      reference conditions and also for the perturbed ones, as
                      well as the difference between the two, were consistent in
                      the model and the satellite retrievals. In comparison to
                      retrievals from ground-based lidar for 2013, CCN profiles
                      for the reference conditions were consistent with the
                      observations, while the ones for the 1985 conditions were
                      not.</p><p> Similarly, detection-and-attribution was
                      successful for droplet number concentrations: the ones
                      simulated for the 2013 conditions were consistent with
                      satellite as well as new ground-based lidar retrievals,
                      while the ones for the 1985 conditions were outside the
                      observational range.</p><p> For other cloud quantities,
                      including cloud fraction, liquid water path, cloud-base
                      altitude, and cloud lifetime, the aerosol response was small
                      compared to their natural variability. Also, large
                      uncertainties in satellite and ground-based observations
                      make the detection-attribution difficult for these
                      quantities. An exception to this is the fact that at large
                      liquid water path, the control simulation matches the
                      observations, while the perturbed one shows too large
                      LWP.</p><p> The model simulations allowed to quantify the
                      radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interactions, as well
                      as the adjustments to this forcing. The latter were small
                      compared to the variability and showed overall a small
                      positive radiative effect. The overall effective radiative
                      forcing (ERF) due to aerosol-cloud interactions (ERFaci) in
                      the simulation was dominated thus by the Twomey effect and
                      yielded for this day, region, and aerosol perturbation
                      $\&#8722;2.6$ $W\&#8201;m<sup>-2</sup>.$ Using general
                      circulation models to scale this to a global-mean
                      present-day vs. pre-industrial ERFaci yields a global ERFaci
                      of $\&#8722;0.8\&#8201;W\&#8201;m<sup>-2</sup>.</p>$},
      cin          = {JSC / JARA-HPC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406 / $I:(DE-82)080012_20140620$},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511) / Performance Analysis and Simulations for the
                      Project $HD(CP)^2$ $(jjsc20_20171101)$},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511 / $G:(DE-Juel1)jjsc20_20171101$},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-2019-850},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/873116},
}