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@ARTICLE{Xu:873869,
      author       = {Xu, Liangfei and Fang, Chuan and Li, Jianqiu and Ouyang,
                      Minggao and Lehnert, Werner},
      title        = {{N}onlinear dynamic mechanism modeling of a polymer
                      electrolyte membrane fuel cell with dead-ended anode
                      considering mass transport and actuator properties},
      journal      = {Applied energy},
      volume       = {230},
      issn         = {0306-2619},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-01061},
      pages        = {106 - 121},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {A dead-ended anode (DEA) has advantages such as simple
                      structure, high reliability, and low price, and is widely
                      utilized in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
                      systems. Empirical parameters are commonly adopted in
                      control-oriented models for such systems, and detailed
                      information about mass transport processes is usually not
                      available. Such models are neither helpful for understanding
                      the internal processes within fuel cells, nor for designing
                      control algorithms to improve system performance. A
                      control-oriented model considering the mass transport
                      processes and actuator properties is still lacking. This
                      paper proposes a nonlinear dynamic mechanism model for the
                      DEA system that can describe the dynamic voltage drop during
                      water flooding with a large current density. The properties
                      of the major components are explained in details, and the
                      procedure of how the purging valves affects the mass
                      transport and cell voltage is revealed quantitatively. The
                      relationship between the minimum cell voltage and purging
                      operations is summarized. The results show that (1) the
                      proposed model can capture the stable and dynamic properties
                      of a fuel cell with a DEA, (2) the cell voltage loss during
                      closing of the purging valve is mainly caused by a decrease
                      in oxygen and hydrogen partial pressures on the catalyst
                      layers and an increase in the liquid water saturation ratio
                      in the gas diffusion layers (GDLs); (3) the most important
                      internal states that affect the stack voltage during purging
                      is the liquid water saturation ratio in the GDLs.},
      cin          = {IEK-14 / IEK-3},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000448226600010},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.099},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/873869},
}