% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Heale:873990,
      author       = {Heale, C. J. and Bossert, K. and Vadas, S. L. and Hoffmann,
                      L. and Dörnbrack, A. and Stober, G. and Snively, J. B. and
                      Jacobi, C.},
      title        = {{S}econdary {G}ravity {W}aves {G}enerated by {B}reaking
                      {M}ountain {W}aves over {E}urope},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / D Atmospheres D},
      volume       = {125},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {2169-897X},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-01152},
      pages        = {e2019JD031662 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {A strong mountain wave, observed over Central Europe on the
                      12th Jan 2016, is simulated in 2D under 2 fixed background
                      wind conditions representing opposite tidal phases. The aim
                      of the simulation is to investigate the breaking of the
                      mountain wave and subsequent generation of non‐primary
                      waves in the upper atmosphere. The model results show that
                      the mountain wave first breaks as it approaches a
                      mesospheric critical level creating turbulence on horizontal
                      scales of 8‐30km. These turbulence scales couple directly
                      to horizontal secondary waves scales, but those scales are
                      prevented from reaching the thermosphere by the tidal winds
                      which act like a filter. Initial secondary waves which can
                      reach the thermosphere range from 60‐120km in horizontal
                      scale and are influenced by the scales of the horizontal and
                      vertical forcing associated with wave breaking at mountain
                      wave zonal phase width, and horizontal wavelength scales.
                      Large scale non‐primary waves dominate over the whole
                      duration of the simulation with horizontal scales of
                      107‐300km and periods of 11‐22 minutes. The thermosphere
                      winds heavily influence the time‐averaged spatial
                      distribution of wave forcing in the thermosphere, which
                      peaks at 150km altitude and occurs both westward and
                      eastward of the source in the 2 UT background simulation and
                      primarily eastward of the source in the 7 UT background
                      simulation. The forcing amplitude is ~2x that of the primary
                      mountain wave breaking and dissipation. This suggests that
                      non‐primary waves play a significant role in gravity waves
                      dynamics and improved understanding of the thermospheric
                      winds is crucial to understanding their forcing
                      distribution.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000519602000005},
      doi          = {10.1029/2019JD031662},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/873990},
}