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@ARTICLE{Pipich:874563,
      author       = {Pipich, Vitaliy and Dickmann, Marcel and Frielinghaus,
                      Henrich and Kasher, Roni and Hugenschmidt, Christoph and
                      Petry, Winfried and Oren, Yoram and Schwahn, Dietmar},
      title        = {{M}orphology of {T}hin {F}ilm {C}omposite {M}embranes
                      {E}xplored by {S}mall-{A}ngle {N}eutron {S}cattering and
                      {P}ositron-{A}nnihilation {L}ifetime {S}pectroscopy},
      journal      = {Membranes},
      volume       = {10},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {2077-0375},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-01513},
      pages        = {48 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {The morphology of thin film composite (TFC) membranes used
                      in reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) water
                      treatment was explored with small-angle neutron scattering
                      (SANS) and positron-annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
                      (PALS). The combination of both methods allowed the
                      characterization of the bulk porous structure from a few Å
                      to µm in radius. PALS shows pores of 4.5 Å average radius
                      in a surface layer of about 4 m thickness, which become
                      $40\%$ smaller at the free surface of the membranes. This
                      observation may correlate with the glass state of the
                      involved polymer. Pores of similar size appear in SANS as
                      closely packed pores of 6 Å radius distributed with an
                      average distance of 30 Å. The main effort of SANS was the
                      characterization of the morphology of the porous polysulfone
                      support layer as well as the fibers of the nonwoven fabric
                      layer. Contrast variation using the media H2O/D2O and
                      supercritical CO2 and CD4 identified the polymers of the
                      support layers as well as internal heterogeneities.},
      cin          = {JCNS-FRM-II / JCNS-1 / MLZ},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106 / I:(DE-588b)4597118-3},
      pnm          = {6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)
                      / 6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS1-20140101 / EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS3-20140101 /
                      EXP:(DE-MLZ)NEPOMUC-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:32197524},
      UT           = {WOS:000524297400011},
      doi          = {10.3390/membranes10030048},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/874563},
}