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@ARTICLE{Heim:874608,
      author       = {Heim, Stefan and McMillan, C. T. and Olm, C and Grossmann,
                      M.},
      title        = {{S}o many are "few", but so few are also "few" –
                      {R}educed semantic flexibility in bv{FTD} patients},
      journal      = {Frontiers in psychology},
      volume       = {11},
      issn         = {1664-1078},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-01536},
      pages        = {582},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {The processing of quantifier words such as “many” or
                      “few” is a complex operation supported by a plastic
                      fronto-parietal network predominantly in the left
                      hemisphere. The internal reference criterion defining a
                      quantifier (e.g., $≥50\%$ for “many”) can be modified
                      in a learning paradigm. Most interestingly, changing the
                      criterion for one quantifier also leads to a change in the
                      criterion for the untrained quantifier, i.e., a semantic
                      restructuring effect, which is supported by Broca’s region
                      in the left inferior frontal cortex. Here, we applied this
                      paradigm to patients with the behavioral variant of
                      fronto-temporal dementia (bvFTD) because they suffer from
                      loss of cognitive flexibility, reduced ability to process
                      quantities and their values, impaired reinforcement
                      learning, and language comprehension deficits. The question
                      was whether the patients would be able to perform the task,
                      show direct learning of the new quantifier meanings, and
                      exhibit cognitive flexibility in terms of semantic
                      restructuring. Eleven bvFTD patients took part in two
                      behavioral experiments. In Experiment 1, in a first baseline
                      block, each individual’s criterion for “many” and
                      “few” was assessed. In block 2, subjects received
                      feedback about their decisions. Contrary to their initial
                      notion, a proportion of $40\%$ yellow circles was reinforced
                      as “many.” In block 3, the effect of this training on
                      their judgments of “many” and “few” was re-assessed.
                      The group of bvFTD patients showed a learning effect for the
                      new criterion trained for the quantifier “many,” but
                      failed to generalize this criterion shift to the other
                      quantifier “few.” Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment
                      1, but the patients were trained in Block 2 to judge $60\%$
                      of circles as “few,” with no training for “many.”
                      Again, there was an average learning effect for the trained
                      quantifier “few” over the entire group, but no
                      generalization to “many.” Since the patients were still
                      able to perform the task and showed learning of “many”
                      to direct feedback, the data suggest that the generalization
                      process, rather than initial learning, is more vulnerable to
                      fronto-temporal degeneration.},
      cin          = {INM-1},
      ddc          = {150},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-1-20090406},
      pnm          = {571 - Connectivity and Activity (POF3-571)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-571},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:32308637},
      UT           = {WOS:000528745200001},
      doi          = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00582},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/874608},
}