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@ARTICLE{Anvari:874662,
      author       = {Anvari, Mehrnaz and Gorjão, Leonardo Rydin and Timme, Marc
                      and Witthaut, Dirk and Schäfer, Benjamin and Kantz, Holger},
      title        = {{S}tochastic properties of the frequency dynamics in real
                      and synthetic power grids},
      journal      = {Physical review research},
      volume       = {2},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2643-1564},
      address      = {College Park, MD},
      publisher    = {APS},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-01578},
      pages        = {013339},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {The frequency constitutes a key state variable of
                      electrical power grids. However, as the frequency is subject
                      to several sources of fluctuations, ranging from renewable
                      volatility to demand fluctuations and dispatch, it is
                      strongly dynamic. Yet, the statistical and stochastic
                      properties of the frequency fluctuation dynamics are far
                      from fully understood. Here we analyze properties of
                      power-grid frequency trajectories recorded from different
                      synchronous regions. We highlight the non-Gaussian and still
                      approximately Markovian nature of the frequency statistics.
                      Furthermore, we find that the frequency displays significant
                      fluctuations exactly at the time intervals of regulation and
                      trading, confirming the need of having a regulatory and
                      market design that respects the technical and dynamical
                      constraints in future highly renewable power grids. Finally,
                      employing a recently proposed synthetic model for the
                      frequency dynamics, we combine our statistical and
                      stochastic analysis and analyze in how far dynamically
                      modeled frequency properties match the ones of real
                      trajectories.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153) / ES2050 -
                      Energie Sytem 2050 (ES2050) / VH-NG-1025 - Helmholtz Young
                      Investigators Group "Efficiency, Emergence and Economics of
                      future supply networks" $(VH-NG-1025_20112014)$},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153 / G:(DE-HGF)ES2050 /
                      $G:(HGF)VH-NG-1025_20112014$},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000602699100003},
      doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.013339},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/874662},
}