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@ARTICLE{Kaufmann:875293,
      author       = {Kaufmann, Manuela Sarah and Klotzsche, Anja and Vereecken,
                      Harry and van der Kruk, Jan},
      title        = {{S}imultaneous multichannel multi‐offset
                      ground‐penetrating radar measurements for soil
                      characterization},
      journal      = {Vadose zone journal},
      volume       = {19},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1539-1663},
      address      = {Alexandria, Va.},
      publisher    = {GeoScienceWorld},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-01924},
      pages        = {e20017},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {For vadose zone studies, it is essential to characterize
                      the soil heterogeneity. However, manual soil coring is time
                      consuming and lacks spatial coverage. Ground‐penetrating
                      radar (GPR) has a high potential to map these parameters.
                      However, with conventional common‐offset profile (COP)
                      measurements, soil layer changes are only detected as a
                      function of time, and no exact determination of velocities,
                      and thus permittivity, is possible. For velocity estimation,
                      time‐consuming point‐scale common midpoint (CMP) or
                      wide‐angle reflection and refraction (WARR) measurements
                      are necessary. Recently, a novel simultaneous multi‐offset
                      multichannel (SiMoc) GPR system was released, enabling rapid
                      profiling with virtually continuous acquisition of WARR
                      gathers. For this system, we developed a new processing
                      approach. First, time shifts caused by the different cables
                      and receivers were eliminated by a novel calibration method.
                      In the obtained CMP gathers, groundwave and (when present)
                      reflection velocities were determined with an automated
                      semblance approach. The obtained velocity can be converted
                      to permittivity and soil water content. We tested SiMoc GPR
                      with a synthetic study and time‐lapse field measurements.
                      In the synthetic study, the accuracy of velocity and layer
                      thickness were within 0.02 m ns−1 and 2 cm. The SiMoc
                      field results (spatial sampling of 5 cm) are consistent with
                      coarse sampled single‐channel data (spatial sampling of 10
                      m). Soil water content changes over the different
                      measurement days were in agreement with nearby installed
                      sensors (one per hectare). Overall, SiMoc GPR is a powerful
                      tool for fast imaging of spatially highly resolved
                      permittivity, and soil water content at a large scale.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000618773300017},
      doi          = {10.1002/vzj2.20017},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/875293},
}