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@ARTICLE{Fischer:875295,
      author       = {Fischer, T. and Kuhn, B.},
      title        = {{E}nvironmental effect of steam on crack closure mechanisms
                      of a $9–12\%$ {C}r ferritic/martensitic steel},
      journal      = {International journal of fatigue},
      volume       = {132},
      issn         = {0142-1123},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-01926},
      pages        = {105382 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {In the present study the impact of steam atmosphere on the
                      threshold value and the active crack closure mechanisms of
                      the ferritic/martensitic steel X20CrMoV12-1 were
                      investigated from 300 °C to 600 °C. This temperature range
                      is of particular importance for flexible power plant
                      operation. The flexibilized operating mode is necessary
                      because of the increased share of renewable sources of
                      energy included in the power grid. Modern thermal power
                      plants must be capable to compensate fluctuations in
                      residual load. This results in a fundamental change in
                      loading and damage scenarios. The start-up and shut-down
                      cycles as well as load fluctuations increased drastically
                      compared to the past. As a consequence the hold time at
                      constant high temperature decreases and the damage scenario
                      changes from creep to fatigue dominated damage or depending
                      on the operating conditions to creep fatigue interaction.
                      Currently original design codes are of limited validity for
                      the assessment of such loading scenarios. For this reason
                      new design codes based on damage tolerance concepts are
                      required to exploit the maximum component lifetime without
                      reducing safety. It was demonstrated that the steam
                      atmosphere leads to an increase in the threshold value in
                      the relevant temperature range and thus offers additional
                      lifetime potential. This increase in threshold with rising
                      temperature was correlated with increasing oxide layer
                      thickness. Furthermore the active crack closure mechanisms
                      were separated and quantified up to 400 °C (limited by the
                      determination of the intrinsic threshold value). In addition
                      the impact of temperature and corrosion on the threshold
                      value was separated and quantified despite superposition of
                      several mechanisms.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000509617500011},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105382},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/875295},
}