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@INPROCEEDINGS{Liu:877416,
      author       = {Liu, Chang and Shviro, Meital and Zaccarine, Sarah and
                      Gago, Aldo Saul and Gazdzicki, Pawel and Morawietz, Tobias
                      and Biswas, Indro and Schierholz, Roland and Pylypenko,
                      Svitlana and Lehnert, Werner and Carmo, Marcelo},
      title        = {{I}nvestigating the interface of {T}i{OX}/{PGM} coating of
                      porous transport layers used in {PEM} electrolyzers by
                      surface analysis},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-02179},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Investigating the interface of TiOx/PGM coating of porous
                      transport layers used in PEM electrolyzers by surface
                      analysis Chang Liu1*, Meital Shviro1, Sarah Zaccarine2, Aldo
                      Saul Gago3, Pawel Gazdzicki3, Tobias Morawietz3, Indro
                      Biswas3, Roland Schierholz4, Svitlana Pylypenko2, Werner
                      Lehnert1, 5 and Marcelo Carmo1 1 Forschungszentrum Jülich
                      GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-14):
                      Electrochemical Process Engineering, 52425, Jülich,
                      Germany.2 Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines,
                      Golden, CO, 80401, USA.3 Institute of Engineering
                      Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR),
                      Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.4
                      Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and
                      Climate Research (IEK-9): Fundamental Electrochemistry,
                      52425, Jülich, Germany.5 Modeling in Electrochemical
                      Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
                      Germany.Titanium porous transport layer (PTL) situating at
                      the anode side of a PEM electrolyzer is subjected to harsh
                      oxidizing conditions such as high anode overpotential, low
                      pH, and oxygen evolution [1, 2]. Under these conditions,
                      titanium (Ti0) changes its oxidation state over time, which
                      induces the formation of a thin but continuously growing
                      layer of passivated titanium (TiOx). Consequently, the
                      electrical conductivity of the titanium fibers is adversely
                      affected, fatally decreasing cell performance and durability
                      [3, 4]. Here, we demonstrate a scalable and simple approach
                      to using iridium or platinum as a protective layer for
                      titanium-based PTLs. In this work, 4000 hour stable
                      durability profiles are achieved when PTLs are coated with
                      only 0.1 mg·cm-2 platinum or iridium (10 times reduction of
                      Au or Pt typically used in current commercial
                      electrolyzers). The real morphology of the TiOx/PGM
                      (platinum group metal) coating interface of PTL is shown by
                      different surface analysis methods. We found that the
                      thickness of TiOx layer of iridium coated PTL did not
                      further increase after the long-term operation. The results
                      of this work show how the interface of a well-protected
                      titanium fiber behaves against passivation after a long-term
                      operation under real electrolysis conditions.Reference[1] M.
                      Carmo, D.L. Fritz, J. Merge, and D. Stolten, A comprehensive
                      review on PEM water electrolysis. International Journal of
                      Hydrogen Energy, 2013. 38(12): p. 4901-4934.[2] K. Ayers, N.
                      Danilovic, R. Ouimet, M. Carmo, B. Pivovar, and M.
                      Bornstein, Perspectives on Low-Temperature Electrolysis and
                      Potential for Renewable Hydrogen at Scale, in Annual Review
                      of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vol 10, J.M.
                      Prausnitz, Editor. 2019, Annual Reviews: Palo Alto. p.
                      219-239.[3] C. Rakousky, U. Reimer, K. Wippermann, M. Carmo,
                      W. Lueke, and D. Stolten, An analysis of degradation
                      phenomena in polymer electrolyte membrane water
                      electrolysis. Journal of Power Sources, 2016. 326: p.
                      120-128.[4] C. Liu, M. Carmo, G. Bender, A. Everwand, T.
                      Lickert, J.L. Young, T. Smolinka, D. Stolten, and W.
                      Lehnert, Performance enhancement of PEM electrolyzers
                      through iridium-coated titanium porous transport layers.
                      Electrochemistry Communications, 2018. 97: p. 96-99.},
      month         = {Oct},
      date          = {2020-10-04},
      organization  = {The Electrochemical Society 2020,
                       Honolulu (Hawaii), 4 Oct 2020 - 9 Oct
                       2020},
      cin          = {IEK-14 / IEK-9},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {134 - Electrolysis and Hydrogen (POF3-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/877416},
}