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@ARTICLE{Jablonowski:877569,
      author       = {Jablonowski, Nicolai David and Kollmann, Tobias and
                      Meiller, Martin and Dohrn, Matthias and Müller, Michael and
                      Nabel, Moritz and Zapp, Petra and Schonhoff, Andreas and
                      Schrey, Silvia Diane},
      title        = {{F}ull assessment of {S}ida ({S}ida hermaphrodita) biomass
                      as a solid fuel},
      journal      = {Global change biology / Bioenergy Bioenergy},
      volume       = {12},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {1757-1707},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-02294},
      pages        = {618-635},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Due to an increased awareness of climate change and limited
                      fossil resources, the demand for alternative energy carriers
                      such as biomass has risen significantly during the past
                      years. This development is supported by the idea of a
                      transition to a bio‐based economy reducing fossil‐based
                      carbon dioxide emissions. Based on this trend, biomass for
                      energy is expected to be used in the EU mainly for heating
                      until the end of the decade. The perennial herbaceous mallow
                      plant Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby (‘Sida’) has high
                      potential as an alternative biomass plant for energy
                      purposes. Different density cultivation scenarios of Sida
                      accounting for 1, 2, or 4 plants per m2 resulted in a total
                      biomass yield of 21, 28, and 34 tons dry matter/ha,
                      respectively, over a 3‐year period under agricultural
                      conditions while the overall investment costs almost doubled
                      from 2 to 4 plants per m2. Subsequently, Sida biomass was
                      used as SI) chips, SII) pellets, and SIII) briquettes for
                      combustion studies at pilot plant scale. Pellets outcompeted
                      chips and briquettes by showing low CO emission of 40
                      mg/Nm3, good burnout, and low slagging behavior, however,
                      with elevated NOx and SO2 levels. In contrast, combustion of
                      chips and briquettes displayed high CO emissions of >1,300
                      mg/Nm3, while SO2 values were below 100 mg/Nm3. Contents of
                      HCl in the flue gas ranged between 32 and 52 mg/Nm3 for all
                      Sida fuels tested. High contents of alkaline earth metals
                      such as CaO resulted in high ash melting points of up to
                      1,450°C. Life cycle assessment results showed the lowest
                      ecological impact for Sida pellets taking all production
                      parameters and environmental categories into consideration,
                      showing further advantages of Sida over other alternative
                      biomasses. Overall, the results indicate the improved
                      applicability of pelletized Sida biomass as a renewable
                      biogenic energy carrier for combustion.},
      cin          = {IBG-2 / IEK-STE / IEK-2},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-2-20101118 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {582 - Plant Science (POF3-582)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-582},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000540284500001},
      doi          = {10.1111/gcbb.12694},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/877569},
}