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@ARTICLE{Baumgrtner:877608,
      author       = {Baumgärtner, Nils and Delorme, Roman and Hennen, Maike and
                      Bardow, André},
      title        = {{D}esign of low-carbon utility systems: {E}xploiting
                      time-dependent grid emissions for climate-friendly
                      demand-side management},
      journal      = {Applied energy},
      volume       = {247},
      issn         = {0306-2619},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-02323},
      pages        = {755 - 765},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Efficient energy supply is key to reduce industrial
                      greenhouse gas emissions. In the industry, energy is often
                      supplied by on-site utility systems with electricity grid
                      connection. Usually, electricity from the grid is assumed to
                      have annually averaged emission factors when greenhouse gas
                      emissions are calculated. However, emissions from
                      electricity production are in fact time-dependent to match
                      continuously varying demand and supply. These time dependent
                      emissions offer the potential to reduce emissions by
                      temporal shifting of electricity demand in demand-side
                      management.Here, we investigate the impact of time-dependent
                      grid mix emissions for low-carbon utility systems. For this
                      purpose, we present a detailed mixed-integer linear
                      programming model for a low-carbon utility system.
                      Subsequently, we compute time-dependent grid emission
                      factors based on the current mix and based on the marginal
                      technologies. These grid emission factors serve as input to
                      determine and economic and environmental trade-off curves.
                      We show that emissions can be reduced by up to $6\%$ at the
                      same costs by considering time-dependent grid mix emissions,
                      instead of annual average grid emissions. Marginal
                      time-dependent emission factors even allow to reduce
                      emissions by up to $60\%.$ Our work shows that
                      time-dependent grid emissions factors could enable
                      climate-friendly demand-side management leading to
                      significant emission reductions.},
      cin          = {IEK-10},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-10-20170217},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF3-899)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-899},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000470948200061},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.029},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/877608},
}