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@ARTICLE{Jens:877612,
      author       = {Jens, Christian M. and Müller, Leonard and Leonhard, Kai
                      and Bardow, André},
      title        = {{T}o {I}ntegrate or {N}ot to
                      {I}ntegrate—{T}echno-{E}conomic and {L}ife {C}ycle
                      {A}ssessment of {CO} 2 {C}apture and {C}onversion to
                      {M}ethyl {F}ormate {U}sing {M}ethanol},
      journal      = {ACS sustainable chemistry $\&$ engineering},
      volume       = {7},
      number       = {14},
      issn         = {2168-0485},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-02327},
      pages        = {12270–12280},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Utilizing CO2 to produce value-added chemicals can save
                      environmental and economic impacts. However, these savings
                      are reduced by the cost of CO2 supply when CO2 has to be
                      captured from dilute sources. To reduce the cost of CO2
                      supply, the combination of CO2 capture and utilization has
                      been suggested in a single integrated CO2 capture and
                      utilization (ICCU) process. Although integration is
                      intuitively appealing, a rigorous assessment of the savings
                      by integration is missing. In this work, we evaluate if
                      integration indeed increases savings, by comparing a
                      utilization process without integration to a novel ICCU
                      process. In the novel ICCU process, methanol absorbs CO2
                      from raw natural gas, before the mixture of CO2 and methanol
                      is hydrogenated to methyl formate. We show that the novel
                      ICCU process saves up to $46\%$ of the electricity demand,
                      which results in savings of up to 8 and $7\%$ in the cost
                      and the greenhouse gas emissions of the utilities,
                      respectively. However, these savings are only enabled when
                      raw natural gas with 30 mol $\%$ CO2 is employed; with lower
                      CO2 concentrations, integration can even increase the cost
                      and emissions of CCU. From the obtained results, we derive
                      an indicator to assess the savings potential of ICCU
                      processes. Finally, life cycle assessment reveals that
                      CO2-based methyl formate has the potential to reduce both
                      the global warming impact and the depletion of fossil
                      resources compared to methyl formate produced from fossil
                      sources.},
      cin          = {IEK-10},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-10-20170217},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF3-899)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-899},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000475838100037},
      doi          = {10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01603},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/877612},
}