% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Parma:877688,
      author       = {Parma, Valentina and Ohla, Kathrin and Veldhuizen, Maria G
                      and Niv, Masha Y and Kelly, Christine E and Bakke, Alyssa J
                      and Cooper, Keiland W and Bouysset, Cédric and Pirastu,
                      Nicola and Dibattista, Michele and Kaur, Rishemjit and
                      Liuzza, Marco Tullio and Pepino, Marta Y and Schöpf,
                      Veronika and Pereda-Loth, Veronica and Olsson, Shannon B and
                      Gerkin, Richard C and Rohlfs Domínguez, Paloma and Albayay,
                      Javier and Farruggia, Michael C and Bhutani, Surabhi and
                      Fjaeldstad, Alexander W and Kumar, Ritesh and Menini, Anna
                      and Bensafi, Moustafa and Sandell, Mari and Konstantinidis,
                      Iordanis and Di Pizio, Antonella and Genovese, Federica and
                      Öztürk, Lina and Thomas-Danguin, Thierry and Frasnelli,
                      Johannes and Boesveldt, Sanne and Saatci, Özlem and
                      Saraiva, Luis R and Lin, Cailu and Golebiowski, Jérôme and
                      Dar Hwang, Liang- and Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan and Guàrdia,
                      Maria Dolors and Laudamiel, Christophe and Ritchie, Marina
                      and Havlícek, Jan and Pierron, Denis and Roura, Eugeni and
                      Navarro, Marta and Nolden, Alissa A and Lim, Juyun and
                      Whitcroft, K. L. and Colquitt, Lauren R and Ferdenzi,
                      Camille and Brindha, Evelyn V and Altundag, Aytug and
                      Macchi, Alberto and Nunez-Parra, Alexia and Patel, Zara M
                      and Fiorucci, Sébastien and Philpott, Carl M and Smith,
                      Barry C and Lundström, Johan N and Mucignat, Carla and
                      Parker, Jane K and van den Brink, Mirjam and Schmuker,
                      Michael and Fischmeister, Florian Ph S and Heinbockel,
                      Thomas and Shields, Vonnie D C and Faraji, Farhoud and
                      Santamaría, Enrique and Fredborg, William E A and Morini,
                      Gabriella and Olofsson, Jonas K and Jalessi, Maryam and
                      Karni, Noam and D’Errico, Anna and Alizadeh, Rafieh and
                      Pellegrino, Robert and Meyer, Pablo and Huart, Caroline and
                      Chen, Ben and Soler, Graciela M and Alwashahi, Mohammed K
                      and Welge-Lüssen, Antje and Freiherr, Jessica and de Groot,
                      Jasper H B and Klein, Hadar and Okamoto, Masako and Singh,
                      Preet Bano and Hsieh, Julien W and Reed, Danielle R and
                      Hummel, Thomas and Munger, Steven D and Hayes, John E and
                      Abdulrahman, Olagunju and Dalton, Pamela and Yan, Carol H
                      and Voznessenskaya, Vera V and Chen, Jingguo and Sell,
                      Elizabeth A and Walsh-Messinger, Julie and Archer, Nicholas
                      S and Koyama, Sachiko and Deary, Vincent and Roberts, S
                      Craig and Yanik, Hüseyin and Albayrak, Samet and
                      Nováková, Lenka Martinec and Croijmans, Ilja and Mazal,
                      Patricia Portillo and Moein, Shima T and Margulis, Eitan and
                      Mignot, Coralie and Mariño, Sajidxa and Georgiev, Dejan and
                      Kaushik, Pavan K and Malnic, Bettina and Wang, Hong and
                      Seyed-Allaei, Shima and Yoluk, Nur and Razzaghi-Asl, Sara
                      and Justice, Jeb M and Restrepo, Diego},
      title        = {{M}ore than smell – {COVID}-19 is associated with severe
                      impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis},
      journal      = {Chemical senses},
      volume       = {45},
      number       = {7},
      issn         = {1464-3553},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-02398},
      pages        = {609–622},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided
                      evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory
                      impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have
                      downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on
                      taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked
                      quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development,
                      implementation, and initial results of a multilingual,
                      international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity
                      and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory
                      modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and
                      during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire
                      launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8
                      others, aged 19–79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either
                      via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly,
                      smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each
                      significantly reduced compared to their status before the
                      disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100)
                      revealed a mean reduction of smell (−79.7 ± 28.7, mean ±
                      standard deviation), taste (−69.0 ± 32.6), and
                      chemesthetic (−37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19.
                      Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and
                      phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell
                      loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not
                      account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory
                      impairments were similar between participants in the
                      laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These
                      results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory
                      impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste
                      and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the
                      lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe
                      acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
                      infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {572 - (Dys-)function and Plasticity (POF3-572)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-572},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:32564071},
      UT           = {WOS:000591530900014},
      doi          = {10.1093/chemse/bjaa041},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/877688},
}