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@ARTICLE{Kaienburg:877889,
      author       = {Kaienburg, Pascal and Krückemeier, Lisa and Lübke, Dana
                      and Nelson, Jenny and Rau, Uwe and Kirchartz, Thomas},
      title        = {{H}ow solar cell efficiency is governed by the αμτ
                      product},
      journal      = {Physical review research},
      volume       = {2},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {2643-1564},
      address      = {College Park, MD},
      publisher    = {APS},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-02494},
      pages        = {023109},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {The interplay of light absorption, charge-carrier
                      transport, and charge-carrier recombination determines the
                      performance of a photovoltaic absorber material. Here we
                      analyze the influence on the solar-cell efficiency of the
                      absorber material properties absorption coefficient α,
                      charge-carrier mobility μ, and charge-carrier lifetime τ,
                      for different scenarios. We combine analytical calculations
                      with numerical drift-diffusion simulations to understand the
                      relative importance of these three quantities. Whenever
                      charge collection is a limiting factor, the αμτ product
                      is a good figure of merit (FOM) to predict solar-cell
                      efficiency, while for sufficiently high mobilities, the
                      relevant FOM is reduced to the ατ product. We find no
                      fundamental difference between simulations based on
                      monomolecular or bimolecular recombination, but strong
                      surface-recombination affects the maximum efficiency in the
                      high-mobility limit. In the limiting case of high μ and
                      high surface-recombination velocity S, the α/S ratio is the
                      relevant FOM. Subsequently, we apply our findings to organic
                      solar cells which tend to suffer from inefficient
                      charge-carrier collection and whose absorptivity is
                      influenced by interference effects. We estimate that a
                      modest increase in absorption strength by a factor of 1.5
                      leads to a relative efficiency increase of more than $10\%$
                      for state-of-the-art organic solar cells.},
      cin          = {IEK-5},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-5-20101013},
      pnm          = {121 - Solar cells of the next generation (POF3-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-121},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000602780200009},
      doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023109},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/877889},
}