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@ARTICLE{Allam:878357,
      author       = {Allam, Tarek and Guo, Xiaofei and Sevsek, Simon and
                      Lipińska-Chwałek, Marta and Hamada, Atef and Ahmed, Essam
                      and Bleck, Wolfgang},
      title        = {{D}evelopment of a {C}r-{N}i-{V}-{N} {M}edium {M}anganese
                      {S}teel with {B}alanced {M}echanical and {C}orrosion
                      {P}roperties},
      journal      = {Metals},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {2075-4701},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-02804},
      pages        = {705},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {A novel medium manganese (MMn) steel with additions of Cr
                      $(18\%),$ Ni $(5\%),$ V $(1\%),$ and N $(0.3\%)$ was
                      developed in order to provide an enhanced corrosion
                      resistance along with a superior strength–ductility
                      balance. The laboratory melted ingots were hot rolled, cold
                      rolled, and finally annealed at 1000 °C for 3 min. The
                      recrystallized single-phase austenitic microstructure
                      consisted of ultrafine grains (~1.3 µm) with a substantial
                      amount of Cr- and V-based precipitates in a bimodal particle
                      size distribution (100–400 nm and <20 nm). The properties
                      of the newly developed austenitic MMn steel
                      X20CrNiMnVN18-5-10 were compared with the standard
                      austenitic stainless steel X5CrNi18-8 and with the
                      austenitic twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel
                      X60MnAl17-1. With a total elongation of $45\%,$ the MMn
                      steel showed an increase in yield strength by 300 MPa and in
                      tensile strength by 150 MPa in comparison to both benchmark
                      steels. No deformation twins were observed even after
                      fracture for the MMn steel, which emphasizes the role of the
                      grain size and precipitation-induced change in the austenite
                      stability in controlling the deformation mechanism. The
                      potentio-dynamic polarization measurements in $5\%$ NaCl
                      revealed a very low current density value of 7.2 × 10−4
                      mA/cm2 compared to that of TWIP steel X60MnAl17-1 of 8.2 ×
                      10−3 mA/cm2, but it was relatively higher than that of
                      stainless steel X5CrNi18-8 of 2.0 × 10−4 mA/cm2. This
                      work demonstrates that the enhanced mechanical properties of
                      the developed MMn steel are tailored by maintaining an
                      ultrafine grain microstructure with a significant amount of
                      nanoprecipitates, while the high corrosion resistance in
                      $5\%$ NaCl solution is attributed to the high Cr and N
                      contents as well as to the ultrafine grain size},
      cin          = {ER-C-1 / ER-C-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-1-20170209 / I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-2-20170209},
      pnm          = {143 - Controlling Configuration-Based Phenomena (POF3-143)
                      / DFG project 29898171 - SFB 761: Stahl - ab initio.
                      Quantenmechanisch geführtes Design neuer
                      Eisenbasis-Werkstoffe (29898171)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-143 / G:(GEPRIS)29898171},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000475356500089},
      doi          = {10.3390/met9060705},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/878357},
}