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@ARTICLE{Schiavone:878385,
      author       = {Schiavone, Maria-Maddalena and Lamparelli, David Hermann
                      and Zhao, Yue and Zhu, Fengfeng and Revay, Zsolt and
                      Radulescu, Aurel},
      title        = {{T}he {E}ffects of {T}emperature and {H}umidity on the
                      {M}icrostructure of {S}ulfonated
                      {S}yndiotactic–polystyrene {I}onic {M}embranes},
      journal      = {Membranes},
      volume       = {10},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {2077-0375},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-02821},
      pages        = {187 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Polymeric membranes based on the semi-crystalline
                      syndiotactic–polystyrene (sPS) become hydrophilic, and
                      therefore conductive, following the functionalization of the
                      amorphous phase by the solid-state sulfonation procedure.
                      Because the crystallinity of the material, and thus the
                      mechanical strength of the membranes, is maintained and the
                      resistance to oxidation decomposition can be improved by
                      doping the membranes with fullerenes, the sPS becomes
                      attractive for proton-exchange membranes fuel cells (PEMFC)
                      and energy storage applications. In the current work we
                      report the micro-structural characterization by small-angle
                      neutron scattering (SANS) method of sulfonated sPS films and
                      sPS–fullerene composite membranes at different
                      temperatures between 20 °C and 80 °C, under the relative
                      humidity (RH) level from $10\%$ to $70\%.$ Complementary
                      characterization of membranes was carried out by FTIR,
                      UV-Vis spectroscopy and prompt–γ neutron activation
                      analysis in terms of composition, following the specific
                      preparation and functionalization procedure, and by XRD with
                      respect to crystallinity. The hydrated ionic clusters are
                      formed in the hydrated membrane and shrink slightly with the
                      increasing temperature, which leads to a slight desorption
                      of water at high temperatures. However, it seems that the
                      conductive properties of the membranes do not deteriorate
                      with the increasing temperature and that all membranes
                      equilibrated in liquid water show an increased conductivity
                      at 80 °C compared to the room temperature. The presence of
                      fullerenes in the composite membrane induces a tremendous
                      increase in the conductivity at high temperatures compared
                      to fullerenes-free membranes. Apparently, the observed
                      effects may be related to the formation of additional
                      hydrated pathways in the composite membrane in conjunction
                      with changes in the dynamics of water and polymer.},
      cin          = {JCNS-FRM-II / JCNS-1 / MLZ},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106 / I:(DE-588b)4597118-3},
      pnm          = {6215 - Soft Matter, Health and Life Sciences (POF3-621) /
                      6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6215 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:32824025},
      UT           = {WOS:000564056300001},
      doi          = {10.3390/membranes10080187},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/878385},
}