% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{vonderLhe:878694,
      author       = {von der Lühe, Barbara and Prost, Katharina and Birk, Jago
                      Jonathan and Fiedler, Sabine},
      title        = {{S}teroids aid in human decomposition fluid identification
                      in soils of temporary mass graves from {W}orld {W}ar {II}},
      journal      = {Journal of archaeological science reports},
      volume       = {32},
      issn         = {2352-409X},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03012},
      pages        = {102431 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Steroids are widely used for the detection of faecal matter
                      and also – in recent years – for characterising human
                      decomposition in the terrestrial environment. Until now it
                      was not clear whether all commonly used faecal (i.e.
                      5β-stanols, 5β-stanones and bile acids) and tissue derived
                      steroids (i.e. cholesterol, 5α-cholestanol and
                      5α-cholestanone) could reveal the presence of human
                      decomposition products in temporary graves. In this study,
                      soil was sampled from three putative mass graves where
                      concentration camp prisoners were temporarily buried for 10
                      months at the end of World War II (1944 – 45). We
                      hypothesised that soil from the putative temporarymass
                      graves exhibits elevated concentrations of faecal and tissue
                      steroids compared to reference samples, thereby reflecting
                      the former input of human decomposition products. Steroids
                      (Δ5-sterols, 5β-stanols, 5α-stanols, stanones and bile
                      acids) from soil samples from three soil pits suspected to
                      be putative mass graves, as wellas reference soil samples,
                      were extracted and analysed with gas chromatography-mass
                      spectrometry (GC–MS). Cholesterol, 5α-cholestanol and
                      5α-cholestanone were ubiquitously present in all soil pits
                      and reference samples and therefore not indicative for the
                      former input of human decomposition products. Compared to
                      the reference,increased concentrations of selected faecal
                      steroids (coprostanol, 5β-stigmastanol, 5β-cholestanone,
                      lithocholic acid, isolithocholic acid) provided a strong
                      indication of the former input of human decomposition
                      products for one soil pit (pit 2). Additionally,
                      epicoprostanol and isolithocholic acid were unique
                      components for soil pit 2 asthey were found neither in the
                      other pits nor in the reference soil. In combination with
                      earlier findings, steroid and bile acid patterns indicate an
                      input of faecal and tissue constituents from former buried
                      bodies in at least one of the three soil pits.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {930},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000553813500011},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102431},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/878694},
}