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@ARTICLE{Righi:878735,
      author       = {Righi, Mattia and Hendricks, Johannes and Lohmann, Ulrike
                      and Beer, Christof Gerhard and Hahn, Valerian and Heinold,
                      Bernd and Heller, Romy and Krämer, Martina and Ponater,
                      Michael and Rolf, Christian and Tegen, Ina and Voigt,
                      Christiane},
      title        = {{C}oupling aerosols to (cirrus) clouds in the global
                      {EMAC}-{MADE}3 aerosol–climate model},
      journal      = {Geoscientific model development},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1991-9603},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03035},
      pages        = {1635 - 1661},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {A new cloud microphysical scheme including a detailed
                      parameterization for aerosol-driven ice formation in cirrus
                      clouds is implemented in the global ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric
                      Chemistry (EMAC) chemistry–climate model and coupled to
                      the third generation of the Modal Aerosol Dynamics model for
                      Europe adapted for global applications (MADE3) aerosol
                      submodel. The new scheme is able to consistently simulate
                      three regimes of stratiform clouds – liquid, mixed-, and
                      ice-phase (cirrus) clouds – considering the activation of
                      aerosol particles to form cloud droplets and the nucleation
                      of ice crystals. In the cirrus regime, it allows for the
                      competition between homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing
                      for the available supersaturated water vapor, taking into
                      account different types of ice-nucleating particles, whose
                      specific ice-nucleating properties can be flexibly varied in
                      the model setup. The new model configuration is tuned to
                      find the optimal set of parameters that minimizes the model
                      deviations with respect to observations. A detailed
                      evaluation is also performed comparing the model results for
                      standard cloud and radiation variables with a comprehensive
                      set of observations from satellite retrievals and in situ
                      measurements. The performance of EMAC-MADE3 in this new
                      coupled configuration is in line with similar global coupled
                      models and with other global aerosol models featuring ice
                      cloud parameterizations. Some remaining discrepancies,
                      namely a high positive bias in liquid water path in the
                      Northern Hemisphere and overestimated (underestimated) cloud
                      droplet number concentrations over the tropical oceans (in
                      the extratropical regions), which are both a common problem
                      in these kinds of models, need to be taken into account in
                      future applications of the model. To further demonstrate the
                      readiness of the new model system for application studies,
                      an estimate of the anthropogenic aerosol effective radiative
                      forcing (ERF) is provided, showing that EMAC-MADE3 simulates
                      a relatively strong aerosol-induced cooling but within the
                      range reported in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
                      Change (IPCC) assessments.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000593770700001},
      doi          = {10.5194/gmd-13-1635-2020},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/878735},
}