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@ARTICLE{Jensen:878794,
      author       = {Jensen, E. J. and Pan, Laura L. and Honomichl, Shawn and
                      Diskin, Glenn S. and Krämer, Martina and Spelten, Nicole
                      and Günther, Gebhard and Hurst, Dale F. and Fujiwara,
                      Masatomo and Vömel, Holger and Selkirk, Henry B. and
                      Suzuki, Junko and Schwartz, Michael J. and Smith, Jessica
                      B.},
      title        = {{A}ssessment of {O}bservational {E}vidence for {D}irect
                      {C}onvective {H}ydration of the {L}ower {S}tratosphere},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / D Atmospheres},
      volume       = {125},
      number       = {15},
      issn         = {2169-8996},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03047},
      pages        = {e2020JD032793},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {In situ and remote sensing observations of water vapor are
                      analyzed to assess the evidence for direct convective
                      hydration of the lower stratosphere. We have examined
                      several hundred balloon‐borne and airborne in situ
                      measurements of lower stratospheric humidity in the tropics
                      and northern midlatitudes. We find that the tropical lower
                      stratospheric H2O enhancements above the background occur
                      quite infrequently, and the height of the enhancements is
                      within about 1 km of the cold‐point tropopause.
                      Following Schwartz et al. (2013,
                      https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50421), we examine the
                      anomalously high (above 8 ppmv) water vapor mixing ratios
                      retrieved by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) at 100‐
                      and 82‐hPa pressure levels, and we determine their
                      vertical location relative to the local tropopause based on
                      both Global Forecast System (GFS) operational analysis and
                      the ERA5 reanalysis temperature data. We find that
                      essentially all of the >8‐ppmv MLS water vapor
                      measurements over the extratropical North American monsoon
                      region are above the relatively low lapse‐rate tropopause
                      in the region, and most are above the local cold‐point
                      tropopause. Over the Asian monsoon region, most $(80/90\%)$
                      of the high H2O values occur below the relatively
                      high‐altitude local lapse‐rate/cold‐point tropopause.
                      Anomalously high MLS water vapor retrievals at 100 and
                      82 hPa almost never occur in the deep tropics. We show
                      that this result is consistent with the in situ observations
                      given the broad vertical averaging kernel of the MLS
                      measurement. The available evidence suggests that direct
                      hydration of the lower stratosphere is important over North
                      America during the monsoon season but likely has limited
                      impact in the tropics.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000562078700007},
      doi          = {10.1029/2020JD032793},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/878794},
}