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@ARTICLE{Murrey:884119,
      author       = {Murrey, Tucker L. and Hertel, Dirk and Nowak, Julian and
                      Bruker, Ruth and Limböck, Thorsten and Neudörfl, Jörg and
                      Rüth, Stephanie and Schelter, Jürgen and Olthof, Selina
                      and Radulescu, Aurel and Moulé, Adam J. and Meerholz,
                      Klaus},
      title        = {{I}nvestigation of {H}ierarchical {S}tructure {F}ormation
                      in {M}erocyanine {P}hotovoltaics},
      journal      = {The journal of physical chemistry / C},
      volume       = {124},
      number       = {36},
      issn         = {1932-7455},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03106},
      pages        = {19457 - 19466},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Merocyanines (MCs) are a versatile class of small-molecule
                      dyes. Their optoelectronic properties are easily tunable by
                      chemically controlling their donor–acceptor strength, and
                      their structural properties can be tuned by simple
                      side-chain substitution. This manuscript demonstrates a
                      novel series of MCs featuring an indoline donor with varying
                      hydrocarbon side-chain length (from 6 to 12 carbons) and a
                      tert-butyl-thiazole acceptor, labeled InTBT. Bulk
                      heterojunction organic photovoltaics are fabricated with a
                      [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) acceptor
                      and characterized. Films composed of I8TBT:PCBM and
                      I9TBT:PCBM produced the highest power conversion efficiency
                      of $4.5\%,$ which suggests that the morphology is optimized
                      by controlling the side-chain length. Hierarchical structure
                      formation in InTBT:PCBM films is studied using grazing
                      incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), small-angle neutron
                      scattering (SANS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). When
                      mixed with PCBM, InTBTs with ≤8 side-chain carbons form
                      pure crystalline domains, while InTBTs with ≥9 side-chain
                      carbons mix well with PCBM. SANS demonstrates that
                      increasing side-chain length increases the InTBT-rich domain
                      size. In addition, a branched hexyl–dodecyl side-chain
                      IHDTBT:PCBM film was studied and found to exhibit the
                      worst-performance organic photovoltaic (OPV) device. The
                      large-branched side chain inhibited mixing between IHDTBT
                      and PCBM resulting in large segregated phases.},
      cin          = {JCNS-FRM-II / MLZ},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 / I:(DE-588b)4597118-3},
      pnm          = {6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)
                      / 6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000571497000005},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c04988},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/884119},
}