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@ARTICLE{Zou:884246,
      author       = {Zou, Ling and Griessbach, Sabine and Hoffmann, Lars and
                      Gong, Bing and Wang, Lunche},
      title        = {{R}evisiting global satellite observations of stratospheric
                      cirrus clouds},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {16},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03145},
      pages        = {9939 - 9959},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {As knowledge about the cirrus clouds in the lower
                      stratosphere is limited, reliable long-term measurements are
                      needed to assess their characteristics, radiative impact and
                      important role in upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
                      (UTLS) chemistry. We used 6 years (2006–2012) of Michelson
                      Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS)
                      measurements to investigate the global and seasonal
                      distribution of stratospheric cirrus clouds and compared the
                      MIPAS results with results derived from the latest version
                      (V4.x) of the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder
                      Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) data. For the
                      identification of stratospheric cirrus clouds, precise
                      information on both the cloud top height (CTH) and the
                      tropopause height is crucial. Here, we used lapse rate
                      tropopause heights estimated from the ERA-Interim global
                      reanalysis.Considering the uncertainties of the tropopause
                      heights and the vertical sampling grid, we define CTHs more
                      than 0.5 km above the tropopause as stratospheric for
                      CALIPSO data. For MIPAS data, we took into account the
                      coarser vertical sampling grid and the broad field of view
                      so that we considered cirrus CTHs detected more than
                      0.75 km above the tropopause as stratospheric. Further
                      sensitivity tests were conducted to rule out sampling
                      artefacts in MIPAS data.The global distribution of
                      stratospheric cirrus clouds was derived from night-time
                      measurements because of the higher detection sensitivity of
                      CALIPSO. In both data sets, MIPAS and CALIPSO, the
                      stratospheric cirrus cloud occurrence frequencies are
                      significantly higher in the tropics than in the
                      extra-tropics. Tropical hotspots of stratospheric cirrus
                      clouds associated with deep convection are located over
                      equatorial Africa, South and Southeast Asia, the western
                      Pacific, and South America. Stratospheric cirrus clouds were
                      more often detected in December–February $(15 \%)$ than
                      June–August $(8 \%)$ in the tropics (±20∘). At
                      northern and southern middle latitudes (40–60∘), MIPAS
                      observed about twice as many stratospheric cirrus clouds
                      (occurrence frequencies of $4 \%–5 \%$ for MIPAS
                      rather than about $2 \%$ for CALIPSO). We attribute more
                      frequent observations of stratospheric cirrus clouds with
                      MIPAS to the higher detection sensitivity of the instrument
                      to optically thin clouds.In contrast to the difference
                      between daytime and night-time occurrence frequencies of
                      stratospheric cirrus clouds by a factor of about 2 in zonal
                      means in the tropics $(4 \%$ and $10 \%,$ respectively)
                      and at middle latitudes for CALIPSO data, there is little
                      diurnal cycle in MIPAS data, in which the difference of
                      occurrence frequencies in the tropics is about 1 percentage
                      point in zonal mean and about 0.5 percentage point at middle
                      latitudes. The difference between CALIPSO day and night
                      measurements can also be attributed to their differences in
                      detection sensitivity.Future work should focus on better
                      understanding the origin of the stratospheric cirrus clouds
                      and their impact on radiative forcing and climate.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511) / 512 - Data-Intensive Science and Federated
                      Computing (POF3-512) / Earth System Data Exploration (ESDE)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-512 /
                      G:(DE-Juel-1)ESDE},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000566345900004},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-20-9939-2020},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/884246},
}