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@ARTICLE{Zhao:884247,
      author       = {Zhao, Yue and Yoshimura, Kimio and Mahmoud, Ahmed Mohamed
                      Ahmed and Yu, Hwan-Chul and Okushima, Shun and Hiroki,
                      Akihiro and Kishiyama, Yoshihiro and Shishitani, Hideyuki
                      and Yamaguchi, Susumu and Tanaka, Hirohisa and Noda, Yohei
                      and Koizumi, Satoshi and Radulescu, Aurel and Maekawa,
                      Yasunari},
      title        = {{A} long side chain imidazolium-based graft-type
                      anion-exchange membrane: novel electrolyte and
                      alkaline-durable properties and structural elucidation using
                      {SANS} contrast variation},
      journal      = {Soft matter},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {35},
      issn         = {1744-6848},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Royal Soc. of Chemistry},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03146},
      pages        = {8128-8143},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Newly designed styrylimidazolium-based grafted
                      anion-exchange membranes (StIm-AEMs), in which imidazolium
                      ionic groups are attached to styrene at the far side from
                      the graft chains, were prepared by radiation-induced graft
                      polymerization of p-(2-imidazoliumyl) styrene onto
                      poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoloethylene) (ETFE) films, followed
                      by N-alkylation and ion-exchange reactions. StIm-AEM having
                      an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 0.54 mmol g−1 with a
                      grafting degree (GD) of $∼18\%,$ possesses practical
                      conductivity (>50 mS cm−1) even with a very low water
                      uptake $(∼10\%)$ and high stability over 600 h in a 1 M
                      KOH solution at 80 °C. There exists a critical IEC (IECc)
                      in the range of 0.7–0.8 mmol g−1 over which the membrane
                      showed high water uptake, which resulted in pronounced
                      susceptibility to hydrolysis. Using small-angle neutron
                      scattering technique with a contrast variation method, we
                      found the hydrophilic phase in StIm-AEMs with IECs lower and
                      higher than IECc shows “reverse-micelles” with water
                      domains dispersed in the polymer matrix and “micelles”
                      with graft polymer aggregates dispersed in the water matrix,
                      respectively. The further analysis of micelle structures
                      using the hard-sphere liquid model and Porod limit analysis
                      reveals that the interfacial structures of ionic groups are
                      essential for the electrochemical properties and durability
                      of StIm-AEMs. In addition, StIm-AEM with an IEC of 0.95 mmol
                      g−1 and the maximum power density of 80 mW cm−2 in the
                      hydrazine hydrate fuel cell test, exhibited long-term
                      durability under constant current (8.0 mA) up to 455 h,
                      which, thus far, is the best durability at 80 °C for
                      platinum-free alkaline-type liquid fuel cells.},
      cin          = {JCNS-FRM-II / MLZ},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 / I:(DE-588b)4597118-3},
      pnm          = {6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)
                      / 6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:32735002},
      UT           = {WOS:000569505000019},
      doi          = {10.1039/D0SM00947D},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/884247},
}