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@ARTICLE{Ueyama:884281,
      author       = {Ueyama, R. and Jensen, E. J. and Pfister, L. and Krämer,
                      M. and Afchine, A. and Schoeberl, M.},
      title        = {{I}mpact of {C}onvectively {D}etrained {I}ce {C}rystals on
                      the {H}umidity of the {T}ropical {T}ropopause {L}ayer in
                      {B}oreal {W}inter},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / D},
      volume       = {125},
      number       = {14},
      issn         = {2169-8996},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03173},
      pages        = {e2020JD032894},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Deep convection detraining in the uppermost tropical
                      troposphere is capable of transporting water vapor and ice
                      into the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), but the impact of
                      deep convection on the global and regional TTL water vapor
                      budget remains uncertain. In particular, the role of
                      convectively detrained ice crystals that remain suspended
                      after active convection has subsided is not well understood.
                      These ice crystals represent aging cirrus anvils detached
                      from the convective core. We use a cloud microphysical model
                      that tracks individual ice crystals throughout their
                      lifetimes to quantify the impact of detrained ice on the
                      humidity of the TTL during boreal winter. Convective
                      influence of air parcels near the wintertime cold point
                      tropical tropopause is determined by tracing thousands of
                      backward trajectories through satellite‐derived, global,
                      3‐hourly convective cloud‐top altitude fields. Detrained
                      ice, most of which is found over the tropical western
                      Pacific, experiences cooling on the order of 1 K day−1
                      downstream of convection. Downstream cooling increases
                      relative humidity and explains the observed supersaturated
                      TTL over this region. Vapor in excess of saturation
                      condenses onto the detrained ice, which ultimately brings
                      the relative humidity down to saturation. Thus, convectively
                      detrained ice crystals in aging anvils predominantly
                      dehydrate the TTL, but the effect is small (0.01 ppmv).
                      Moistening by active convection (0.30 ppmv), including the
                      rapid sublimation of convectively lofted ice crystals near
                      the tops of core anvils, overwhelms the dehydration by aging
                      anvil ice crystals detrained from the core. The net effect
                      is moistening by convective core anvils during boreal
                      winter.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000556876500027},
      doi          = {10.1029/2020JD032894},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/884281},
}