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@ARTICLE{Wulf:884284,
      author       = {Wulf, Christina and Zapp, Petra and Schreiber, Andrea},
      title        = {{R}eview of {P}ower-to-{X} demonstration projects in
                      {E}urope},
      journal      = {Frontiers in energy research},
      volume       = {8},
      issn         = {2296-598X},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03176},
      pages        = {191},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Core of most Power-to-X (PtX) concepts is the utilization
                      of renewable electricity to produce hy-drogen via water
                      electrolysis. This hydrogen can be used directly as final
                      energy carrier or can be converted further into e.g.
                      methane, synthesis gas, liquid fuels, electricity or
                      chemicals. To inte-grate PtX into energy systems, technical
                      demonstration and systems integration are of major
                      im-portance. In total 220 PtX research and demonstration
                      projects to analyze these issues have been realized, are
                      already finished or in the planning in Europe by June 2020.
                      Key issue of this review is the identification and
                      assessment of relevant projects regarding year of
                      commissioning, location, electricity and carbon dioxide
                      sources, applied technologies for electrolysis, capacity,
                      type of hy-drogen post-processing, as well as the aimed
                      field of application. Latter changed over the years. At the
                      beginning, it was fuel production, e.g. for hydrogen busses,
                      and combined heat and power gen-eration, later injection
                      into the natural gas grid. Today industrial applications and
                      once again fuel production are important applications. Focus
                      for the fuel production is synthetic gaseous fuels, while
                      production of liquid fuels is severely under-represented.
                      The SOEC (solid oxide electrolyzer cell) has a very small
                      share in projects compared to PEM (polymer electrolyte
                      membrane) and alka-line electrolyzers. This is also
                      reflected by the different installed capacities. While
                      alkaline electro-lyzers are installed with capacities
                      between 50 and 5000 kW (2019/20) and PEM electrolyzers
                      be-tween 100 and 6000 kW, SOEC have a size of 150 kW. France
                      and Germany show the biggest ef-forts into the development
                      of PtX technologies compared to other European countries.
                      Overall, ac-tivities have progressed considerably faster
                      than predicted just a couple of years ago.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000577947700001},
      doi          = {10.3389/fenrg.2020.00191},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/884284},
}