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@ARTICLE{Kanz:884820,
      author       = {Kanz, Olga and Reinders, Angèle and May, Johanna and Ding,
                      Kaining},
      title        = {{E}nvironmental {I}mpacts of {I}ntegrated {P}hotovoltaic
                      {M}odules in {L}ight {U}tility {E}lectric {V}ehicles},
      journal      = {Energies},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {19},
      issn         = {1996-1073},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03275},
      pages        = {5120 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of
                      photovoltaic (PV) solar modules which have been integrated
                      into electric vehicle applications, also called vehicle
                      integrated photovoltaics (VIPV). The LCA was executed by
                      means of GaBi LCA software with Ecoinvent v2.2 as a
                      background database, with a focus on the global warming
                      potential (GWP). A light utility electric vehicle (LUV)
                      named StreetScooter Work L, with a PV array of 930 Wp, was
                      analyzed for the location of Cologne, Germany. An operation
                      time of 8 years and an average shadowing factor of $30\%$
                      were assumed. The functional unit of this LCA is 1 kWh of
                      generated PV electricity on-board, for which an emission
                      factor of 0.357 kg CO$_2$-eq/kWh was calculated, whereas the
                      average grid emissions would be 0.435 kg CO$_2$-eq/kWh.
                      Hence, charging by PV power hence causes lower emissions
                      than charging an EV by the grid. The study further shows how
                      changes in the shadowing factor, operation time, and other
                      aspects affect vehicle’s emissions. The ecological benefit
                      of charging by PV modules as compared to grid charging is
                      negated when the shadowing factor exceeds 40\% and hence
                      exceeds emissions of 0.435 kg CO$_2$-eq/kWh. However, if the
                      operation time of a vehicle with integrated PV is prolonged
                      to 12 years, emissions of the functional unit go down to
                      0.221 kg CO$_2$-eq/kWh. It is relevant to point out that the
                      outcomes of the LCA study strongly depend on the location of
                      use of the vehicle, the annual irradiation, and the carbon
                      footprint of the grid on that location.},
      cin          = {IEK-5},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-5-20101013},
      pnm          = {121 - Solar cells of the next generation (POF3-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-121},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000586711000001},
      doi          = {10.3390/en13195120},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/884820},
}