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@ARTICLE{Terra:885390,
      author       = {Terra, A. and Sergienko, G. and Kreter, A. and Martynova,
                      Y. and Rasiński, M. and Wirtz, Marius and Loewenhoff, Th.
                      and Pintsuk, G. and Dorow-Gerspach, D. and Mao, Y. and
                      Schwalenberg, D. and Raumann, L. and Coenen, J. W. and
                      Brezinsek, S. and Unterberg, B. and Linsmeier, Ch.},
      title        = {{M}icro-structured tungsten, a high heat flux pulse proof
                      material},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {25},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03787},
      pages        = {100789 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Micro structured tungsten is a new approach to address one
                      of the main issues of tungsten as high heat flux (HHF)
                      plasma facing material (PFM), which is its brittleness and
                      its propensity to crack formation under pulsed, ELM like,
                      heat loads [2], [3]. With power densities between 100 MW/m2
                      and 1 GW/m2, progressive thermal fatigue induced damages
                      like roughening, subsequent cracking and even melting will
                      occur in dependence on the pulse number and PFM base
                      temperature. This represents a serious issue for the usage
                      of tungsten as HHF-PFM. In future tokamaks, such as ITER,
                      about 108 ELMs are expected to occur during the operational
                      lifetime.Several approaches have been tried to overcome this
                      brittleness issue, e.g. alloying tungsten with others
                      elements [4] or introducing pseudo-ductility due to the
                      additions of fibres thus creating composites [5].
                      Micro-structured tungsten showed a significant improvement
                      in comparison with any of these approaches with respect to
                      the damage expected by ELMs. This investigation on both bulk
                      reference and micro-structured tungsten was performed in the
                      PSI-2 facility [8]. A sequential load was applied combining
                      steady state deuterium plasma (5.1×1025 D+ m-2, 51 eV,
                      240°C, 150 min) loading with laser pulses (up to 105 pulses
                      of 0.5 GW/m2, 3.6 mm spot diameter, 20 J, 1 ms pulse
                      duration, up to 25 Hz pulse frequency). In contrast to
                      reference bulk tungsten, none of the applied loading
                      conditions caused any evident damage on the micro-structured
                      tungsten. The maximum surface temperature within the loaded
                      area measured with a fast pyrometer was increased by about
                      800°C at the end of the laser exposure for the reference
                      sample. This is related to the emissivity changes and local
                      temperature increase caused by surface degradation.
                      Meanwhile, the micro-structured sample did not show any
                      change of its temperature response from the 10th to the 100
                      000th pulse.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / IEK-2},
      ddc          = {624},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000600734700008},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2020.100789},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/885390},
}