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@ARTICLE{Morgan:885515,
      author       = {Morgan and Balden, M. and Schwarz-Selinger and Li, Y and
                      Loewenhoff, Thorsten and Wirtz, M. and Brezinsek, Sebastijan
                      and De Temmermann, G.},
      title        = {{ITER} monblock performance under lifetime loading
                      conditions in {M}agnum-{PSI}},
      journal      = {Physica scripta},
      volume       = {T171},
      issn         = {1402-4896},
      address      = {Stockholm},
      publisher    = {The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03895},
      pages        = {014065 -},
      year         = {2020},
      note         = {Kein Post-print verfügbar},
      abstract     = {The ITER divertor will be exposed to extremely high plasma
                      fluences over its lifetime, and it is known that plasma
                      exposure can lead to a variety of particle-induced
                      surface-morphology and microstructure changes in tungsten.
                      However, no data exists at fluences comparable to those
                      expected over extended ITER operations (1030−31 m−2) and
                      so it is uncertain how these changes will evolve and affect
                      the divertor performance over such long timescales. Six
                      monoblocks were exposed to high flux plasma comparable to
                      partially-detached plasma conditions in the ITER divertor in
                      Magnum-PSI. Different exposures used different plasma
                      species (H, He, D or D + He) and aimed to replicate
                      conditions similar to those during different phases of the
                      ITER staged approach. The highest fluence achieved was 1030
                      D m−2, comparable to around one year of ITER Fusion Power
                      Operation. Post-mortem analysis by Nuclear Reaction Analysis
                      revealed very low deuterium retention throughout the blocks,
                      while surface analysis showed no cracking or damage, but did
                      observe helium fuzz growth at low ion energies of 8–18 eV,
                      below typically assumed ion energy requirements for such
                      growth to occur. Metallographic sectioning revealed
                      recrystallization up to 2.2 mm below the surface of
                      monoblocks exposed at peak surface temperatures of up to
                      1580 °C for different durations up to ~20 h. Finite Element
                      Method analysis coupled to metallographic and Vickers
                      Hardness identification of the boundary of the
                      recrystallized region identified a faster recrystallization
                      process compared to literature expectations, reinforcing
                      that recrystallization dynamics is an important criterion
                      for tungsten grade selection for the ITER divertor. Overall,
                      no major damage or failure was identified, indicating that
                      the design is capable of fulfilling its steady-state
                      performance requirements under high flux, high fluence
                      plasma loading conditions in the ITER divertor.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / IEK-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000520000600065},
      doi          = {10.1088/1402-4896/ab66df},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/885515},
}