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@ARTICLE{Orr:885993,
      author       = {Orr, Andrew and Hosking, J. Scott and Delon, Aymeric and
                      Hoffmann, Lars and Spang, Reinhold and Moffat-Griffin, Tracy
                      and Keeble, James and Abraham, Nathan Luke and Braesicke,
                      Peter},
      title        = {{P}olar stratospheric clouds initiated by mountain waves in
                      a global chemistry–climate model: a missing piece in fully
                      modelling polar stratospheric ozone depletion},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {21},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-04217},
      pages        = {12483 - 12497},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {An important source of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs),
                      which play a crucial role in controlling polar stratospheric
                      ozone depletion, is the temperature fluctuations induced by
                      mountain waves. These enable stratospheric temperatures to
                      fall below the threshold value for PSC formation in regions
                      of negative temperature perturbations or cooling phases
                      induced by the waves even if the synoptic-scale temperatures
                      are too high. However, this formation mechanism is usually
                      missing in global chemistry–climate models because these
                      temperature fluctuations are neither resolved nor
                      parameterised. Here, we investigate in detail the episodic
                      and localised wintertime stratospheric cooling events
                      produced over the Antarctic Peninsula by a parameterisation
                      of mountain-wave-induced temperature fluctuations inserted
                      into a 30-year run of the global chemistry–climate
                      configuration of the UM-UKCA (Unified Model – United
                      Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol) model. Comparison of the
                      probability distribution of the parameterised cooling phases
                      with those derived from climatologies of satellite-derived
                      AIRS brightness temperature measurements and high-resolution
                      radiosonde temperature soundings from Rothera Research
                      Station on the Antarctic Peninsula shows that they broadly
                      agree with the AIRS observations and agree well with the
                      radiosonde observations, particularly in both cases for the
                      “cold tails” of the distributions. It is further shown
                      that adding the parameterised cooling phase to the resolved
                      and synoptic-scale temperatures in the UM-UKCA model results
                      in a considerable increase in the number of instances when
                      minimum temperatures fall below the formation temperature
                      for PSCs made from ice water during late austral autumn and
                      early austral winter and early austral spring, and without
                      the additional cooling phase the temperature rarely falls
                      below the ice frost point temperature above the Antarctic
                      Peninsula in the model. Similarly, it was found that the
                      formation potential for PSCs made from ice water was many
                      times larger if the additional cooling is included. For PSCs
                      made from nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles it was only
                      during October that the additional cooling is required for
                      temperatures to fall below the NAT formation temperature
                      threshold (despite more NAT PSCs occurring during other
                      months). The additional cooling phases also resulted in an
                      increase in the surface area density of NAT particles
                      throughout the winter and early spring, which is important
                      for chlorine activation. The parameterisation scheme was
                      finally shown to make substantial differences to the
                      distribution of total column ozone during October, resulting
                      from a shift in the position of the polar vortex.},
      cin          = {JSC / IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511) / 244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper
                      troposphere and middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000583695900002},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-20-12483-2020},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/885993},
}