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@ARTICLE{Nasta:886001,
      author       = {Nasta, Paolo and Bogena, Heye and Sica, Benedetto and
                      Weuthen, Ansgar and Vereecken, Harry and Romano, Nunzio},
      title        = {{I}ntegrating {I}nvasive and {N}on-invasive {M}onitoring
                      {S}ensors to {D}etect {F}ield-{S}cale {S}oil {H}ydrological
                      {B}ehavior},
      journal      = {Frontiers in water},
      volume       = {2},
      issn         = {2624-9375},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-04223},
      pages        = {26},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {In recent decades, while great emphasis has been given to
                      the monitoring of point-scale soil moisture patterns and
                      field-scale integrated soil moisture, the measurement of
                      matric potential has attracted little attention. Information
                      on the soil matric potential is available in point-scale
                      measurements but is still missing at field-scale. This state
                      variable is necessary to understand hydrological fluxes and
                      to determine the soil water retention function (WRF) for
                      field-scale applications. In this study, we combine data
                      from cosmic-ray neutron probes (CRNP, non-invasive proximal
                      soil moisture sensors) and SoilNet wireless sensor networks
                      (invasive ground-based soil moisture and matric potential
                      sensors) installed in two sub-catchments with contrasting
                      land-use (agroforestry vs. near-natural forest) to derive a
                      field-scale WRF. We investigate the hypothesis that both
                      sensor types provide effective measurements that are
                      representative for the entire sub-catchment, as well as the
                      drawbacks of integrating the different measurement scales of
                      the sensor types (i.e., spatial-mean of distributed
                      point-scale data vs. an integrated field-scale measurement).
                      We found discrepancies in the data of the two sensor types
                      related to the effects of the time-varying vertical
                      measurement footprint of the CRNP, which induces a scale
                      mismatch between CRNP-based soil moisture (referring mostly
                      to near-surface depths) and the spatially averaged soil
                      matric potential data measured at soil depths of 0.15 and
                      0.30 m. To remove the offsets, we opted to use the soil
                      moisture index (SMI) based on the estimation of field
                      capacity and wilting point, retrieved from the knowledge of
                      the field-scale WRF. We found that the bimodality of SMI
                      calculated with SoilNet-based soil moisture induced by
                      Mediterranean rainfall seasonal behavior is not
                      well-captured by CRNP-based soil moisture, except in a
                      particularly dry year like 2017. The contrasts in SMI values
                      between the two test sites were associated with differences
                      in the spatial variability of soil moisture patterns
                      explained by soil texture or terrain characteristics. We
                      argue that field-scale WRFs are useful for the analysis of
                      hydrological processes at the sub-catchment (field) scale
                      and the application of distributed models.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000659473600001},
      doi          = {10.3389/frwa.2020.00026},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/886001},
}