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@ARTICLE{Zhao:887686,
      author       = {Zhao, Yi and Wu, Shuxia and Bol, Roland and Bughio, Mansoor
                      Ahmed and Wu, Wenliang and Hu, Yecui and Meng, Fanqiao},
      title        = {{I}ntensive organic vegetable production increases soil
                      organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency
                      than integrated management},
      journal      = {Journal of plant nutrition and soil science},
      volume       = {183},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1436-8730},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-04347},
      pages        = {155 - 168},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Intensive vegetable production in greenhouses has rapidly
                      expanded in China since the 1990s and increased to 1.3
                      million ha of farmland by 2016, which is the highest in the
                      world. We conducted an 11‐year greenhouse vegetable
                      production experiment from 2002 to 2013 to observe soil
                      organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under three management
                      systems, i.e., conventional (CON), integrated (ING), and
                      intensive organic (ORG) farming. Soil samples (0–20 and
                      20–40 cm depth) were collected in 2002 and 2013 and
                      separated into four particle‐size fractions, i.e., coarse
                      sand (> 250 µm), fine sand (250–53 µm), silt (53–2
                      µm), and clay (< 2 µm). The SOC contents and δ13C values
                      of the whole soil and the four particle‐size fractions
                      were analyzed. After 11 years of vegetable farming, ORG and
                      ING significantly increased SOC stocks (0–20 cm) by 4008
                      ± 36.6 and 2880 ± 365 kg C ha−1 y−1, respectively,
                      8.1‐ and 5.8‐times that of CON (494 ± 42.6 kg C ha−1
                      y−1). The SOC stock increase in ORG at 20–40 cm depth
                      was 245 ± 66.4 kg C ha−1 y−1, significantly higher than
                      in ING (66 ± 13.4 kg C ha−1 y−1) and CON (109 ± 44.8
                      kg C ha−1 y−1). Analyses of 13C revealed a significant
                      increase in newly produced SOC in both soil layers in ORG.
                      However, the carbon conversion efficiency (CE: increased
                      organic carbon in soil divided by organic carbon input) was
                      lower in ORG $(14.4\%–21.7\%)$ than in ING
                      $(18.2\%–27.4\%).$ Among the four particle‐sizes in the
                      0–20 cm layer, the silt fraction exhibited the largest
                      proportion of increase in SOC content $(57.8\%$ and $55.4\%$
                      of the SOC increase in ORG and ING, respectively). A similar
                      trend was detected in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Over all,
                      intensive organic (ORG) vegetable production increases soil
                      organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency
                      than integrated (ING) management.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {640},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000508762700001},
      doi          = {10.1002/jpln.201900308},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/887686},
}