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@ARTICLE{Schreiber:888080,
      author       = {Schreiber, Andrea and Peschel, Andreas and Hentschel,
                      Benjamin and Zapp, Petra},
      title        = {{L}ife {C}ycle {A}ssessment of {P}ower-to-{S}yngas:
                      {C}omparing high temperature co-electrolysis and steam
                      methane reforming},
      journal      = {Frontiers in energy research},
      volume       = {8},
      issn         = {2296-598X},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-04657},
      pages        = {533850},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {To achieve the European Union’s ambitious climate
                      targets, not only the energy system must be transformed, but
                      also other sectors such as industry or transport. Power-to-X
                      (PtX) technologies enable the production of synthetic
                      chemicals and energy carriers using renewable electricity,
                      thus contributing to defossilization of economy.
                      Additionally, they provide storage capacity for renewable
                      energy. Detailed life cycle assessments (LCA) of PtX is
                      required, to prove the environmental advantages to
                      fossil-based benchmark technologies. An emerging PtX
                      technology for syngas production is the high temperature
                      co-electrolysis (HT-co-electrolysis), which produces syngas.
                      Aim of this LCA is the evaluation of syngas production by
                      HT-co-electrolysis at its early stage of development to
                      derive incentives for further research. For comparison, a
                      small-scale steam methane reforming process (SMR) serves as
                      today’s fossil-based benchmark. The required CO2 is
                      obtained via direct air capture. The by-far most important
                      input for the HT-co-electrolysis is electricity. Hence,
                      several future electricity mixes are considered,
                      representing two different climate protection targets
                      (CPT80, CPT95) for the energy system in 2050. For each CPT,
                      an additional distinction is made regarding full load hours,
                      which depend on the availability of renewable energy. The
                      results show lower global warming potential (GWP) and fossil
                      fuel depletion for HT-co-electrolysis compared to SMR if
                      mostly renewable power is used. Exclusively renewable
                      operated HT-co-electrolysis even achieve negative net GWPs
                      in cradle-to-gate LCA without considering syngas use. If
                      HT-co-electrolysis shall operate continuously (8,760 h)
                      additional fossil electricity production is needed. For
                      CPT80, the share of fossil electricity is too high to
                      achieve negative net GWP in contrast to CPT95. Other
                      environmental impacts such as human toxicity, acidification,
                      particulate matter or metal depletion are worse in
                      comparison to SMR. The share of direct air capture on the
                      total environmental impacts is quite noticeable. Main
                      reasons are high electricity and heat demands. Although
                      plant construction contributes to a minor extent to most
                      impact categories, a considerable decrease of cell lifetime
                      due to higher degradation caused by flexible operation,
                      would change that. Nevertheless, flexibility is one of the
                      most important factors to apply PtX for defossilization
                      successfully and reinforce detailed research to understand
                      its impacts.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000591305200001},
      doi          = {10.3389/fenrg.2020.533850},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/888080},
}