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@ARTICLE{Repantis:888239,
      author       = {Repantis, Dimitris and Bovy, Leonore and Ohla, Kathrin and
                      Kühn, Simone and Dresler, Martin},
      title        = {{C}ognitive enhancement effects of stimulants: a randomized
                      controlled trial testing methylphenidate, modafinil, and
                      caffeine},
      journal      = {Psychopharmacology},
      volume       = {238},
      issn         = {1432-2072},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-04788},
      pages        = {441–451},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {RationalAt all times humans have made attempts to improve
                      their cognitive abilities by different means, among others,
                      with the use of stimulants. Widely available stimulants such
                      as caffeine, but also prescription substances such as
                      methylphenidate and modafinil, are being used by healthy
                      individuals to enhance cognitive performance.ObjectivesThere
                      is a lack of knowledge on the effects of prescription
                      stimulants when taken by healthy individuals (as compared
                      with patients) and especially on the effects of different
                      substances across different cognitive domains.MethodsWe
                      conducted a pilot study with three arms in which male
                      participants received placebo and one of three stimulants
                      (caffeine, methylphenidate, modafinil) and assessed
                      cognitive performance with a test battery that captures
                      various cognitive domains.ResultsOur study showed some
                      moderate effects of the three stimulants tested.
                      Methylphenidate had positive effects on self-reported
                      fatigue as well as on declarative memory 24 hours after
                      learning; caffeine had a positive effect on sustained
                      attention; there was no significant effect of modafinil in
                      any of the instruments of our test battery. All stimulants
                      were well tolerated, and no trade-off negative effects on
                      other cognitive domains were found.ConclusionsThe few
                      observed significant positive effects of the tested
                      stimulants were domain-specific and of rather low magnitude.
                      The results can inform the use of stimulants for cognitive
                      enhancement purposes as well as direct further research to
                      investigate the effects of stimulants on specific cognitive
                      domains that seem most promising, possibly by using tasks
                      that are more demanding.},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {004},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {5251 - Multilevel Brain Organization and Variability
                      (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5251},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {33201262},
      UT           = {WOS:000590195900001},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00213-020-05691-w},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/888239},
}