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@ARTICLE{Bank:888330,
      author       = {Bank, Thomas and Feldmann, Jan and Klamor, Sebastian and
                      Bihn, Stephan and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{E}xtensive aging analysis of high-power lithium titanate
                      oxide batteries: {I}mpact of the passive electrode effect},
      journal      = {Journal of power sources},
      volume       = {473},
      issn         = {0378-7753},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-04849},
      pages        = {228566 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Partial electrification of vehicle drive trains, for
                      example by the usage of 48 V systems, require
                      high-powerbatteries with extreme robustness to temperatures,
                      current rates and energy throughputs. In this study,
                      theapplication-relevant lifetime performance of 33
                      state-of-the-art high-power lithium titanate oxide nickel
                      manganesecobalt oxide (LTO|NMC) cells is measured under
                      cyclic, calendar, and drive cyclic aging regimes.
                      Regularextended check-ups reveal the cell performance in
                      terms of capacity loss and internal resistance increase,
                      whichallows for the identification of critical operating
                      conditions. For the first time a passive electrode effect
                      isidentified in calendar aging tests of LTO cells in which
                      the cathode is geometrically and capacitively
                      oversized.Passive electrode areas lead to a change in cell
                      balancing, which can be illustrated by the shift of the
                      half-cellvoltage curves. Generally, the investigated cells
                      show an excellent cycle stability for shallow cycles, even
                      athigh ambient temperatures and high current rates. Only
                      large cycle depths greater than $70\%$ at elevated
                      temperaturesreduce the battery life significantly.
                      Furthermore, the results show that cells cycled in areas of
                      low stateof charge age faster than in areas of high state of
                      charge. The rise in internal resistance under calendar aging
                      hasthe most detrimental influence on lifetime in a 48 V
                      battery.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {WOS:000564495000005},
      UT           = {WOS:000564495000005},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228566},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/888330},
}