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@ARTICLE{Kabus:888662,
      author       = {Kabus, Mona and Nolting, Lars and Mortimer, Benedict J. and
                      Koj, Jan Christian and Kuckshinrichs, Wilhelm and De
                      Doncker, Rik W. and Praktiknjo, Aaron},
      title        = {{E}nvironmental impacts of charging concepts for battery
                      electric vehicles: {A} comparison of on-board and off-board
                      charging systems based on a {L}ife {C}ycle {A}ssessment},
      journal      = {Energies},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {24},
      issn         = {1996-1073},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-05104},
      pages        = {6508},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {We investigate the environmental impacts of on-board (based
                      on alternating current, AC)and off-board (based on direct
                      current, DC) charging concepts for electric vehicles using
                      Life CycleAssessment and considering a maximum charging
                      power of 22 kW (AC) and 50 kW (DC). Ourresults show that the
                      manufacturing of chargers provokes the highest contribution
                      to environmentalimpacts of the production phase. Within the
                      chargers, the filters could be identified as mainpolluters
                      for all power levels. When comparing the results on a system
                      level, the DC system causesless environmental impact than
                      the AC system in all impact categories. In our diffusion
                      scenariosfor electric vehicles, annual emission reductions
                      of up to 35 million kg CO2-eq. could be achievedwhen the DC
                      system is used instead of the AC system. In addition to the
                      environmental assessment,we examine economic effects. Here,
                      we find annual savings of up to 8.5 million euros, when the
                      DCsystem is used instead of the AC system.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000602881100001},
      doi          = {10.3390/en13246508},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/888662},
}