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@ARTICLE{CostaSurs:888753,
      author       = {Costa-Surós, Montserrat and Sourdeval, Odran and
                      Acquistapace, Claudia and Baars, Holger and Carbajal Henken,
                      Cintia and Genz, Christa and Hesemann, Jonas and Jimenez,
                      Cristofer and König, Marcel and Kretzschmar, Jan and
                      Madenach, Nils and Meyer, Catrin I. and Schrödner, Roland
                      and Seifert, Patric and Senf, Fabian and Brueck, Matthias
                      and Cioni, Guido and Engels, Jan Frederik and Fieg, Kerstin
                      and Gorges, Ksenia and Heinze, Rieke and Siligam, Pavan
                      Kumar and Burkhardt, Ulrike and Crewell, Susanne and Hoose,
                      Corinna and Seifert, Axel and Tegen, Ina and Quaas,
                      Johannes},
      title        = {{D}etection and attribution of aerosol–cloud interactions
                      in large-domain large-eddy simulations with the
                      {ICO}sahedral {N}on-hydrostatic model},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-05182},
      pages        = {5657 - 5678},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Clouds and aerosols contribute the largest uncertainty to
                      current estimates and interpretations of the Earth’s
                      changing energy budget. Here we use a new-generation
                      large-domain large-eddy model, ICON-LEM (ICOsahedral
                      Non-hydrostatic Large Eddy Model), to simulate the response
                      of clouds to realistic anthropogenic perturbations in
                      aerosols serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The
                      novelty compared to previous studies is that (i) the LEM is
                      run in weather prediction mode and with fully interactive
                      land surface over a large domain and (ii) a large range of
                      data from various sources are used for the detection and
                      attribution. The aerosol perturbation was chosen as
                      peak-aerosol conditions over Europe in 1985, with more than
                      fivefold more sulfate than in 2013. Observational data from
                      various satellite and ground-based remote sensing
                      instruments are used, aiming at the detection and
                      attribution of this response. The simulation was run for a
                      selected day (2 May 2013) in which a large variety of cloud
                      regimes was present over the selected domain of central
                      Europe.It is first demonstrated that the aerosol fields used
                      in the model are consistent with corresponding satellite
                      aerosol optical depth retrievals for both 1985 (perturbed)
                      and 2013 (reference) conditions. In comparison to retrievals
                      from ground-based lidar for 2013, CCN profiles for the
                      reference conditions were consistent with the observations,
                      while the ones for the 1985 conditions were not.Similarly,
                      the detection and attribution process was successful for
                      droplet number concentrations: the ones simulated for the
                      2013 conditions were consistent with satellite as well as
                      new ground-based lidar retrievals, while the ones for the
                      1985 conditions were outside the observational range.For
                      other cloud quantities, including cloud fraction, liquid
                      water path, cloud base altitude and cloud lifetime, the
                      aerosol response was small compared to their natural
                      variability. Also, large uncertainties in satellite and
                      ground-based observations make the detection and attribution
                      difficult for these quantities. An exception to this is the
                      fact that at a large liquid water path value (LWP
                      > 200 g m-²), the control simulation matches the
                      observations, while the perturbed one shows an LWP which is
                      too large.The model simulations allowed for quantifying the
                      radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions, as
                      well as the adjustments to this forcing. The latter were
                      small compared to the variability and showed overall a small
                      positive radiative effect. The overall effective radiative
                      forcing (ERF) due to aerosol–cloud interactions (ERFaci)
                      in the simulation was dominated thus by the Twomey effect
                      and yielded for this day, region and aerosol perturbation
                      −2.6 W m-². Using general circulation models to scale
                      this to a global-mean present-day vs. pre-industrial ERFaci
                      yields a global ERFaci of −0.8 W m-².},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511) / High-resolution simulations with the ICON large
                      eddy model $(jjsc31_20191101)$},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511 / $G:(DE-Juel1)jjsc31_20191101$},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000535189200006},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-20-5657-2020},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/888753},
}