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@ARTICLE{Zheng:888819,
      author       = {Zheng, Fengshan and Kovács, András and Denneulin, Thibaud
                      and Caron, Jan and Weßels, Teresa and Dunin-Borkowski,
                      Rafal E.},
      title        = {{M}agnetic {F}ield {M}apping using {O}ff-{A}xis {E}lectron
                      {H}olography in the {T}ransmission {E}lectron {M}icroscope},
      journal      = {JoVE journal},
      volume       = {166},
      issn         = {1940-087X},
      address      = {Cambridge, MA},
      publisher    = {JoVE887169},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-05233},
      pages        = {e61907},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Off-axis electron holography is a powerful technique that
                      involves the formation of an interference pattern in a
                      transmission electron microscope (TEM) by overlapping two
                      parts of an electron wave, one of which has passed through a
                      region of interest on a specimen and the other is a
                      reference wave. The resulting off-axis electron hologram can
                      be analyzed digitally to recover the phase difference
                      between the two parts of the electron wave, which can then
                      be interpreted to provide quantitative information about
                      local variations in electrostatic potential and magnetic
                      induction within and around the specimen. Off-axis electron
                      holograms can be recorded while a specimen is subjected to
                      external stimuli such as elevated or reduced temperature,
                      voltage, or light. The protocol that is presented here
                      describes the practical steps that are required to record,
                      analyze, and interpret off-axis electron holograms, with a
                      primary focus on the measurement of magnetic fields within
                      and around nanoscale materials and devices. Presented here
                      are the steps involved in the recording, analysis, and
                      processing of off-axis electron holograms, as well as the
                      reconstruction and interpretation of phase images and
                      visualization of the results. Also discussed are the need
                      for optimization of the specimen geometry, the electron
                      optical configuration of the microscope, and the electron
                      hologram acquisition parameters, as well as the need for the
                      use of information from multiple holograms to extract the
                      desired magnetic contributions from the recorded signal. The
                      steps are illustrated through a study of specimens of
                      B20-type FeGe, which contain magnetic skyrmions and were
                      prepared with focused ion beams (FIBs). Prospects for the
                      future development of the technique are discussed.},
      cin          = {ER-C-1},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-1-20170209},
      pnm          = {143 - Controlling Configuration-Based Phenomena (POF3-143)
                      / 144 - Controlling Collective States (POF3-144) / 3D MAGiC
                      - Three-dimensional magnetization textures: Discovery and
                      control on the nanoscale (856538) / Q-SORT - QUANTUM SORTER
                      (766970) / ESTEEM3 - Enabling Science and Technology through
                      European Electron Microscopy (823717) / DARPA, Phase 2 -
                      Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Manipulation of
                      magnetic skyrmions for logicin- memory applications
                      (Z1422.01.18) / DFG project 405553726 - TRR 270:
                      Hysterese-Design magnetischer Materialien für effiziente
                      Energieumwandlung (405553726)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-143 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-144 /
                      G:(EU-Grant)856538 / G:(EU-Grant)766970 / G:(EU-Grant)823717
                      / G:(DE-Juel-1)Z1422.01.18 / G:(GEPRIS)405553726},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {33346200},
      UT           = {WOS:000646166900037},
      doi          = {10.3791/61907},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/888819},
}