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000889011 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAgostini, M.$$b0
000889011 245__ $$aExperimental evidence of neutrinos produced in the CNO fusion cycle in the Sun
000889011 260__ $$aLondon [u.a.]$$bNature Publ. Group78092$$c2020
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000889011 520__ $$aFor most of their existence, stars are fuelled by the fusion of hydrogen into helium. Fusion proceeds via two processes that are well understood theoretically: the proton–proton (pp) chain and the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen (CNO) cycle. Neutrinos that are emitted along such fusion processes in the solar core are the only direct probe of the deep interior of the Sun. A complete spectroscopic study of neutrinos from the pp chain, which produces about 99 per cent of the solar energy, has been performed previously; however, there has been no reported experimental evidence of the CNO cycle. Here we report the direct observation, with a high statistical significance, of neutrinos produced in the CNO cycle in the Sun. This experimental evidence was obtained using the highly radiopure, large-volume, liquid-scintillator detector of Borexino, an experiment located at the underground Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The main experimental challenge was to identify the excess signal—only a few counts per day above the background per 100 tonnes of target—that is attributed to interactions of the CNO neutrinos. Advances in the thermal stabilization of the detector over the last five years enabled us to develop a method to constrain the rate of bismuth-210 contaminating the scintillator. In the CNO cycle, the fusion of hydrogen is catalysed by carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, and so its rate—as well as the flux of emitted CNO neutrinos—depends directly on the abundance of these elements in the solar core. This result therefore paves the way towards a direct measurement of the solar metallicity using CNO neutrinos. Our findings quantify the relative contribution of CNO fusion in the Sun to be of the order of 1 per cent; however, in massive stars, this is the dominant process of energy production. This work provides experimental evidence of the primary mechanism for the stellar conversion of hydrogen into helium in the Universe.
000889011 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF3-612$$a612 - Cosmic Matter in the Laboratory (POF3-612)$$cPOF3-612$$fPOF III$$x0
000889011 536__ $$0G:(DE-Juel1)jikp20_20190501$$aSolar and Geo-neutrino Analysis with Borexino (jikp20_20190501)$$cjikp20_20190501$$fSolar and Geo-neutrino Analysis with Borexino$$x1
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000889011 65027 $$0V:(DE-MLZ)SciArea-230$$2V:(DE-HGF)$$aParticle Physics$$x0
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAltenmüller, K.$$b1
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAppel, S.$$b2
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAtroshchenko, V.$$b3
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)156420$$aBagdasarian, Z.$$b4$$ufzj
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBasilico, D.$$b5
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBellini, G.$$b6
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBenziger, J.$$b7
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBiondi, R.$$b8
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBravo, D.$$b9
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCaccianiga, B.$$b10
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCalaprice, F.$$b11
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCaminata, A.$$b12
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCavalcante, P.$$b13
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aChepurnov, A.$$b14
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aD’Angelo, D.$$b15
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDavini, S.$$b16
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDerbin, A.$$b17
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDi Giacinto, A.$$b18
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDi Marcello, V.$$b19
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDing, X. F.$$b20
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDi Ludovico, A.$$b21
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDi Noto, L.$$b22
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDrachnev, I.$$b23
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFormozov, A.$$b24
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFranco, D.$$b25
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGalbiati, C.$$b26
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGhiano, C.$$b27
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGiammarchi, M.$$b28
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGoretti, A.$$b29
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGöttel, A. S.$$b30$$eCorresponding author
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGromov, M.$$b31
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGuffanti, D.$$b32
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aIanni, Aldo$$b33
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aIanni, Andrea$$b34
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aJany, A.$$b35
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aJeschke, D.$$b36
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKobychev, V.$$b37
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKorga, G.$$b38
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)173900$$aKumaran, Sindhujha$$b39
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLaubenstein, M.$$b40
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLitvinovich, E.$$b41
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLombardi, P.$$b42
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLomskaya, I.$$b43
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)168122$$aLudhova, Livia$$b44
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLukyanchenko, G.$$b45
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLukyanchenko, L.$$b46
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMachulin, I.$$b47
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMartyn, J.$$b48
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMeroni, E.$$b49
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMeyer, M.$$b50
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMiramonti, L.$$b51
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMisiaszek, M.$$b52
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMuratova, V.$$b53
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aNeumair, B.$$b54
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aNieslony, M.$$b55
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aNugmanov, R.$$b56
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOberauer, L.$$b57
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOrekhov, V.$$b58
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOrtica, F.$$b59
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPallavicini, M.$$b60
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPapp, L.$$b61
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)186943$$aPelicci, Luca$$b62
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)171602$$aPenek, Ö.$$b63$$ufzj
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPietrofaccia, L.$$b64
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPilipenko, N.$$b65
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPocar, A.$$b66
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRaikov, G.$$b67
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRanalli, M. T.$$b68
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000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRazeto, A.$$b70
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRe, A.$$b71
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)171322$$aRedchuk, Mariia$$b72
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRomani, A.$$b73
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRossi, N.$$b74
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSchönert, S.$$b75
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSemenov, D.$$b76
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)180506$$aSettanta, G.$$b77$$ufzj
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSkorokhvatov, M.$$b78
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)180507$$aSinghal, Apeksha$$b79
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSmirnov, O.$$b80
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSotnikov, A.$$b81
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSuvorov, Y.$$b82
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aTartaglia, R.$$b83
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aTestera, G.$$b84
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aThurn, J.$$b85
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aUnzhakov, E.$$b86
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aVillante, F. L.$$b87
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aVishneva, A.$$b88
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aVogelaar, R. B.$$b89
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$avon Feilitzsch, F.$$b90
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWojcik, M.$$b91
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWurm, M.$$b92
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aZavatarelli, S.$$b93
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aZuber, K.$$b94
000889011 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aG. Zuzel, K.$$b95
000889011 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)1413423-8$$a10.1038/s41586-020-2934-0$$gVol. 587, no. 7835, p. 577 - 582$$n7835$$p577 - 582$$tNature <London>$$v587$$x1476-4687$$y2020
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