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@ARTICLE{Li:889158,
      author       = {Li, Zhen and Vanderborght, Jan and Smits, Kathleen M.},
      title        = {{T}he effect of the top soil layer on moisture and
                      evaporation dynamics},
      journal      = {Vadose zone journal},
      volume       = {19},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1539-1663},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-00081},
      pages        = {e20049},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Understanding the effect of the top soil layer on surface
                      evaporation and water distribution is critical to modeling
                      hydrological systems. However, the dependency of
                      near‐surface soil moisture and fluxes on layering
                      characteristics remains unclear. To address this
                      uncertainty, we investigate how the arrangement of soil
                      horizons affects the evaporation and soil moisture,
                      specifically, the near‐surface soil moisture, through the
                      combination of numerical simulations and evaporation
                      experiments. The characteristics of fluxes and moisture from
                      different soil profiles are then used to understand the soil
                      layering conditions. Results show that the top soil layer
                      can significantly affect the evolution of soil moisture
                      profiles and evaporation dynamics, the extent of which
                      depends on the layering sequence, thickness, and properties
                      of each layer. The soil systems consisting of a thick coarse
                      (C) layer overlying a fine (F) layer, or a very thin F layer
                      overlying a C layer exhibit near‐surface moisture,
                      temperature and fluxes nearly identical to that of a
                      homogeneous C system; in these cases, a homogeneous C soil
                      could be used to represent the above two layered systems.
                      However, some soil profiles cannot be described by a single
                      set of soil properties, nevertheless, they show distinct
                      characteristics that can serve as indicators for soil
                      layering conditions, e.g., “first slowly then rapidly”
                      decreasing dynamics of near‐surface soil moisture. As some
                      characteristics are not unique to layered soil, the combined
                      information including the near‐surface soil moisture
                      defined at different depths and evaporation behavior of an
                      entire drying cycle can be used to better characterize the
                      layering conditions.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000618773300045},
      doi          = {10.1002/vzj2.20049},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/889158},
}