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@ARTICLE{Wright:889165,
      author       = {Wright, Jonathon S. and Sun, Xiaoyi and Konopka, Paul and
                      Krüger, Kirstin and Legras, Bernard and Molod, Andrea M.
                      and Tegtmeier, Susann and Zhang, Guang J. and Zhao, Xin},
      title        = {{D}ifferences in tropical high clouds among reanalyses:
                      origins and radiative impacts},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {14},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-00088},
      pages        = {8989 - 9030},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {We examine differences among reanalysis high-cloud products
                      in the tropics, assess the impacts of these differences on
                      radiation budgets at the top of the atmosphere and within
                      the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
                      (UTLS), and discuss their possible origins in the context of
                      the reanalysis models. We focus on the ERA5
                      (fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-range Weather
                      Forecasts – ECMWF – reanalysis), ERA-Interim (ECMWF
                      Interim Reanalysis), JRA-55 (Japanese 55-year Reanalysis),
                      MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and
                      Applications, Version 2), and CFSR/CFSv2 (Climate Forecast
                      System Reanalysis/Climate Forecast System Version 2)
                      reanalyses. As a general rule, JRA-55 produces the smallest
                      tropical high-cloud fractions and cloud water contents among
                      the reanalyses, while MERRA-2 produces the largest.
                      Accordingly, long-wave cloud radiative effects are
                      relatively weak in JRA-55 and relatively strong in MERRA-2.
                      Only MERRA-2 and ERA5 among the reanalyses produce
                      tropical-mean values of outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR)
                      close to those observed, but ERA5 tends to underestimate
                      cloud effects, while MERRA-2 tends to overestimate
                      variability. ERA5 also produces distributions of long-wave,
                      short-wave, and total cloud radiative effects at the top of
                      the atmosphere that are very consistent with those observed.
                      The other reanalyses all exhibit substantial biases in at
                      least one of these metrics, although compensation between
                      the long-wave and short-wave effects helps to constrain
                      biases in the total cloud radiative effect for most
                      reanalyses. The vertical distribution of cloud water content
                      emerges as a key difference between ERA-Interim and other
                      reanalyses. Whereas ERA-Interim shows a monotonic decrease
                      of cloud water content with increasing height, the other
                      reanalyses all produce distinct anvil layers. The latter is
                      in better agreement with observations and yields very
                      different profiles of radiative heating in the UTLS. For
                      example, whereas the altitude of the level of zero net
                      radiative heating tends to be lower in convective regions
                      than in the rest of the tropics in ERA-Interim, the opposite
                      is true for the other four reanalyses. Differences in cloud
                      water content also help to explain systematic differences in
                      radiative heating in the tropical lower stratosphere among
                      the reanalyses. We discuss several ways in which aspects of
                      the cloud and convection schemes impact the tropical
                      environment. Discrepancies in the vertical profiles of
                      temperature and specific humidity in convective regions are
                      particularly noteworthy, as these variables are directly
                      constrained by data assimilation, are widely used, and feed
                      back to convective behaviour through their relationships
                      with thermodynamic stability.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244) / DFG project 392169209 -
                      Klimavariabilität in der oberen Troposphäre und
                      Stratosphäre über Asien und ihre Darstellung in modernen
                      Re-Analysen},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244 / G:(GEPRIS)392169209},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000557791000004},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-20-8989-2020},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/889165},
}